package org.fmz.constuctor ;

public class ConstructorDemo01{
	int id = 0 ;
	public ConstructorDemo01(int i){
		this.id = i ;
	}
	public static void main(String args[]){
		ConstructorDemo01 cd = new ConstructorDemo01() ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.init ;

public class ThisDemoLeaf{
	int i = 0 ;
	ThisDemoLeaf increment(){
		i++ ;
		return this ;//表示返回当前ThisDmeoLeaf的一个对象的引用。
	}
}

package org.fmz.init ;

class Apple{
	Apple getPeeled(){
		return Peeler.peel(this) ; //this作为参数述传递给代表对调用方法的那个对象的应用
	}
}

class Person{
	public void eat(Apple apple){
		Apple peeled = apple.getPeeled() ;
		System.out.println("OK!") ;
	}
}

class Peeler{
	static Apple peel(Apple apple){
		return apple ;
	}
}

public class ThisDemoApple{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		new Person().eat(new Apple()) ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.init ;

public class Book{
	boolean checkOut = false ;
	public Book(boolean checkOut){
		this.checkOut = checkOut ;
	}
	void checkIn(){
		checkOut = false ;
	}
	protected void finalize(){
		if(checkOut){
			System.out.print("Error: checkOut out") ;
		}
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		Book book = new Book(false) ;
		book.checkIn() ;
		new Book(true) ;
		System.gc() ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.init ;

class A{
}

public class NewVarArgs{
	static void printArray(Object... args){
		for(Object obj: args){
			System.out.print(obj + " ") ;
		}
		System.out.println() ;
	}
	public static void main(String args[]){
		printArray(new Integer(47),new Float(11.3F),new Double(44.3)) ;
		printArray(47,11.3F,44.3) ;
		printArray("one","two","three") ;
		printArray(new A(),new A(),new A()) ;
		printArray((Object[])new Integer[]{1,2,3,4}) ;//转型能避免编译器的警告
		printArray() ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.init ;

public enum Spiciness{
	NOT,MILD,MEDIUM,HOT,FLAMING
}

package org.fmz.init ;

public class SimpleEnumUse{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Spiciness howHot = Spiciness.MEDIUM ;
		System.out.println(howHot) ;//自动复写的toString方法
		for(Spiciness spi: Spiciness.values()){//方法values()
			System.out.println(spi) ;
		}
	}
}

package org.fmz.init ;

public class Buttito{
	Spiciness degree ;
	public Buttito(Spiciness degree){
		this.degree = degree ;
	}
	public void describe(){
		System.out.print("This Buttito is ") ;
		switch(degree){
			case NOT:
				System.out.println("not spicy at all!") ;
				break ;
			case MILD:
			case MEDIUM:
				System.out.println("a little hot!") ;
				break ;

			case HOT:
			case FLAMING:
			default:
				System.out.println("maybe too hot!") ;
		}
	}
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Buttito
			plain = new Buttito(Spiciness.NOT) ,
			greenChile = new Buttito(Spiciness.MEDIUM) ,
			jalapeno = new Buttito(Spiciness.HOT) ;
		plain.describe() ;
		greenChile.describe() ;
		jalapeno.describe() ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.access ;

class Sundae{
	private Sundae(){}
	static Sundae makeASundaeInstance(){
		System.out.println("OK!!!") ;
		return new Sundae() ;
	}
}

public class PrivateAccess{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		//Sundae sun = new Sundae() ;
		Sundae.makeASundaeInstance() ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.access ;

class Sundae{
	private Sundae(){}
	static Sundae makeASundaeInstance(){
		//添加自己的条件
		System.out.println("OK!!!") ;
		return new Sundae() ;
	}
}

public class PrivateAccess{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		//Sundae sun = new Sundae() ;
		Sundae.makeASundaeInstance() ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.access ;

public class SingletonPattern{
	private SingletonPattern(){}
	private static SingletonPattern sp = new SingletonPattern() ;//静态域中，只能创建一个对象，对象共享
	public static SingletonPattern access(){
		return sp ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.access ;

public class Apple{
	public Apple peeled(Apple apple){
		return peelApple(apple) ;
	}
	Apple peelApple(Apple apple){
		//do something
		return apple ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.reusing ;

class WaterSource{
	private String s ;
	WaterSource(){
		System.out.println("WaterSource()") ;
		s = "constructor" ;
	}
	public String toString(){//此方法为覆写的Object类中的方法，不能分配更低的访问权限
		return s ;
	}
}

public class SprinklerSystem{
	private String value ;
	private WaterSource ws = new WaterSource() ;
	private int i ;
	private float f ;
	public String toString(){//此方法为覆写的Object类中的方法，不能分配更低的访问权限
		return
			"value -->" + value + " " +
			"ws -->" + ws + " " +
			"i -->" + i + " " +
			"f -->" + f ;
	}
	public static void main(String args[]){
		SprinklerSystem ss = new SprinklerSystem() ;
		System.out.println(ss) ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.reusing ;

class A{
	public A(int i){
		System.out.println(i) ;
	}
}

public class B extends A{
	public B(int i){
		super(i) ;
		System.out.println("constructor") ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.reusing ;

public class SpaceShipControls{
	void up(int velocity){}
	void down(int velocity){}
	void left(int velocity){}
	void right(int velocity){}
	void forward(int velocity){}
	void back(int velocity){}
	void turboBoost(int velocity){}
}

package org.fmz.reusing ;

public class SpaceShip extends SpaceShipControls{
	private String name ;
	public SpaceShip(String name){
		this.name = name ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.reusing ;

public class SpaceShipDelegation{
	private String name ;
	private SpaceShipControls ssc = new SpaceShipControls() ;
	public SpaceShipDelegation(String name){
		this.name = name ;
	}
	//delegated methods
	public void up(int velocity){
		ssc.up() ;
	}
	public void down(int velocity){
		ssc.down();
	}
	public void left(int velocity){
		ssc.left() ;
	}
	public void right(int velocity){
		ssc.right() ;
	}
	public void forward(int velocity){
		ssc.forward() ;
	}
	public void back(int velocity){
		ssc.back() ;
	}
	public void turboBoost(int velocity){
		ssc.turboBoost() ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.reusing ;

class Shape{
	Shape(int i){
		System.out.println("Shape Constructor") ;
	}
	void dispose(){
		System.out.println("Shape Dispose") ;
	}
}

class Circle extends Shape{
	Circle(int i){
		super(i) ;
		System.out.println("Circle Constructor") ;
	}
	void dispose(){
		System.out.println("Erasing Circle") ;
		super.dispose() ;
	}
}

class Triangle extends Shape{
	Triangle(int i){
		super(i) ;
		System.out.println("Triangle Constructor") ;
	}
	void dispose(){
		System.out.println("Erasing Triangle") ;
		super.dispose() ;
	}
}

class Line extends Shape{
	private int start, end ;
	Line(int start,int end){
		super(start) ;
		this.start = start ;
		this.end = end ;
		System.out.println("Line Constructor" + start + "," + end) ;
	}
	void dispose(){
		System.out.println("Erasing Line" + start + "," + end) ;
		super.dispose() ;
	}
}

class CADSystem extends Shape{
	private Circle c ;
	private Triangle t ;
	private Line[] lines = new Line[3] ;
	public CADSystem(int i){
		super(i+1) ;
		c = new Circle(i) ;
		t = new Triangle(i) ;
		for(int j=0;j<lines.length;j++){
			lines[j] = new Line(j,j*j) ;
		}
		System.out.println("Combined Constructor") ;
	}
	public void dispose(){
		System.out.println("Erasing Combined Constructor") ;
		for(int j=0;j<lines.length;j++){
			lines[j].dispose() ;
		}
		t.dispose() ;
		c.dispose() ;
		super.dispose() ;
	}
	public static void main(String args[]){
		CADSystem cads = new CADSystem(1) ;
		try{
		
		}finally{
			cads.dispose() ;
		}
	}
}

package org.fmz.reusing ;

class A{
	void tell(){
	
	}
}

class B extends A{
	//@Override
	B tell(B b){
		return b ;
	}
}
public class TestOverride{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		B b = new B() ;
		b.tell() ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.reusing ;

class WithFinals{
	private final void f(){
		System.out.println("WithFinals.f()") ;
	}
	private final void g(){
		System.out.println("WithFinals.g()") ;
	}
}

class OverridingPrivate extends WithFinals{
	private final void f(){
		System.out.println("OverridingPrivate.f()") ;
	}
	private final void g(){
		System.out.println("OverridingPrivate.g()") ;
	}
}

class OverridingPrivate2 extends OverridingPrivate{
	public final void f(){
		System.out.println("OverridingPrivate.f()") ;
	}
	public final void g(){
		System.out.println("OverridingPrivate.g()") ;
	}
}

public class FindingOverridingIllusion{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		OverridingPrivate2 op2 = new OverridingPrivate2() ;
		op2.f() ;
		op2.g() ;
		OverridingPrivate op = op2 ;
		//op.f() ;		//不能访问，因为是私有化方法，并没有覆写的发生
		//op.g() ;		//不能访问，因为是私有化方法，并没有覆写的发生
	}
}

package org.fmz.reusing ;

class Insect{
	private int i = 9 ;
	protected int j ;
	Insect(){
		System.out.println("i = " + i + "，j = " + j) ;
		j = 39 ;
		System.out.println("i = " + i + "，j = " + j) ;
	}
	private static int x1 = printInit("Static Insect.x1 initialized") ;
	static int printInit(String s){
		System.out.println(s) ;
		return 47 ;
	}
}

public class Beetle extends Insect{
	private int k = printInit("Beetle.k initalized") ;
	public Beetle(){
		System.out.println("k = " + k) ;
		System.out.println("j = " + j) ;
	}
	private static int x2 = printInit("Static Beetle.x2 initialized") ;
	public static void main(String args[]){
		System.out.println("Beetle Constructor") ;
		Beetle b = new Beetle() ;
	}
}

Static Insect.x1 initialized
Static Beetle.x2 initialized
Beetle Constructor
i = 9，j = 0
i = 9，j = 39
Beetle.k initalized
k = 47
j = 39

package org.fmz.polymorphism ;

public enum Note{
	MIDDLE_C, C_SHARP, B_FLAT ;
}

package org.fmz.polymorphism ;

class Instrument{
	public void play(Note n){
		System.out.println("Instrument.play()") ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.polymorphism ;

public class Wind extends Instrument{
	public void play(Note n){
		System.out.println("Wind.play()" + n) ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.polymorphism ;

public class Music{
	public static void tune(Instrument i){
			i.play(Note.MIDDLE_C) ;
	}
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Wind wind = new Wind() ;
		tune(wind) ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.polymorphism ;

public class Stringed extends Instrument{
	public void play(Note n){
		System.out.println("Stringed.play()" + n) ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.polymorphism ;

public class Brass extends Instrument{
	public void play(Note n){
		System.out.println("Brass.play()" + n) ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.polymorphism ;

public class Music2{
	public static void tune(Wind i){
			i.play(Note.MIDDLE_C) ;
	}
	public static void tune(Stringed i){
			i.play(Note.MIDDLE_C) ;
	}
	public static void tune(Brass i){
			i.play(Note.MIDDLE_C) ;
	}
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Wind wind = new Wind() ;
		Stringed stringed = new Stringed() ;
		Brass brass = new Brass() ;
		tune(wind) ;
		tune(stringed) ;
		tune(brass) ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.polymorphism ;

public class Music3{
	public static void tune(Instrument i){
			i.play(Note.MIDDLE_C) ;
	}
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Wind wind = new Wind() ;
		Stringed stringed = new Stringed() ;
		Brass brass = new Brass() ;
		tune(wind) ;
		tune(stringed) ;
		tune(brass) ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.polymorphism.shape ;

public class Shape{
	public void draw(){} ;
	public void erase(){} ;
}

package org.fmz.polymorphism.shape ;

public class Circle extends Shape{
	public void draw(){
		System.out.println("Circle.draw()") ;
	}
	public void erase(){
		System.out.println("Circle.erase()") ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.polymorphism.shape ;

public class Square extends Shape{
	public void draw(){
		System.out.println("Square.draw()") ;
	}
	public void erase(){
		System.out.println("Square.erase()") ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.polymorphism.shape ;

public class Triangle extends Shape{
	public void draw(){
		System.out.println("Triangle.draw()") ;
	}
	public void erase(){
		System.out.println("Triangel.erase()") ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.polymorphism.shape ;

import java.util.* ;

public class RandomShapeGenerator{
	Random rand = new Random(470) ;
	public Shape next(){
		switch(rand.nextInt(3)){
			default:
			case 0: return new Circle() ;
			case 1: return new Square() ;
			case 2: return new Triangle() ;
		}
	}
}

package org.fmz.polymorphism.shape ;

public class Shapes{
	private static RandomShapeGenerator gen = new RandomShapeGenerator() ;
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Shape[] s = new Shape[9] ;
		for(int i=0;i<s.length;i++){
			s[i] = gen.next() ;
		}
		for(Shape shape : s){
			shape.draw() ;
		}
	}
}

package org.fmz.polymorphism ;

public class PrivateOverride{
	private void f(){
		System.out.println("private.f()") ;
	}
	public static void main(String args[]){
		PrivateOverride po = new Derived() ;
		po.f() ;
	}
}
class Derived extends PrivateOverride{
	public void f(){
		System.out.println("public.f()") ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.polymorphism ;

class Super{
	public int field = 0 ;
	public int getField(){
		return field ;
	}
}

class Sub extends Super{
	public int field = 1 ;
	public int getField(){
		return field ;
	}
	public int getSuperField(){
		return super.field ;
	}
}

public class FieldAccess{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Super sup = new Sub() ;
		System.out.println("sup.field = " + sup.field + "，sup.getField() = " + sup.getField()) ;
		Sub sub = new Sub() ;
		System.out.println("sub.field = " + sub.field + "，sub.getField() = " + sub.getField() +"，sub.getSuperField = " + sub.getSuperField()) ;
	}
}/*output:
sup.field = 0，sup.getField() = 1
sub.field = 1，sub.getField() = 1，sub.getSuperField = 0
*/

package org.fmz.polymorphism ;

class StaticSuper{
	public static void staticGet(){
		System.out.println("Base staticGet()") ;
	}
	public void dynamicGet(){
		System.out.println("Base dynamicGet()") ;
	}
}

class StaticSub extends StaticSuper{
	public static void staticGet(){
		System.out.println("Derived staticGet()") ;
	}
	public void dynamicGet(){
		System.out.println("Derived dynamicGet()") ;
	}
}

public class StaticPolymorphism{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		StaticSuper ssup = new StaticSub() ;
		ssup.staticGet() ;//不会发生多态性
		ssup.dynamicGet() ;
	}
}/*
Base staticGet()
Derived dynamicGet()
*/

package org.fmz.polymorphism ;

class Characteristic{
	private String s ;
	Characteristic(String s){
		this.s = s ;
		System.out.println("Creating Characteristic " + s) ;
	}
	protected void dispose(){
		System.out.println("Disposing Characteristic " + s) ;
	}
}

class Description{
	private String s ;
	Description(String s){
		this.s = s ;
		System.out.println("Creating Description " + s) ;
	}
	protected void dispose(){
		System.out.println("Disposing Description " + s) ;
	}
}

class LivingCreature{
	private Characteristic c = new Characteristic("is alive") ;
	private Description d = new Description("Basic Living Creature") ;
	LivingCreature(){
		System.out.println("LivingCreature()") ;
	}
	protected void dispose(){
		System.out.println("Dispose LivingCreature") ;
		d.dispose() ;
		c.dispose() ;
	}
}

class Animal extends LivingCreature{
	private Characteristic c = new Characteristic("has heart") ;
	private Description d = new Description("Animal not Vegetable") ;
	Animal(){
		System.out.println("Animal()") ;
	}
	protected void dispose(){
		System.out.println("Dispose Animal") ;
		d.dispose() ;
		c.dispose() ;
		super.dispose() ;
	}
}

class Amphibian extends Animal{
	private Characteristic c = new Characteristic("can live in the water") ;
	private Description d = new Description("Both water and land") ;
	Amphibian(){
		System.out.println("Amphibian()") ;
	}
	protected void dispose(){
		System.out.println("Dispose Amphibian") ;
		d.dispose() ;
		c.dispose() ;
		super.dispose() ;
	}
}

public class Forg extends Amphibian{
	private Characteristic c = new Characteristic("croaks") ;
	private Description d = new Description("Eat bugs") ;
	Forg(){
		System.out.println("Forg()") ;
	}
	protected void dispose(){
		System.out.println("Dispose Forg") ;
		d.dispose() ;
		c.dispose() ;
		super.dispose() ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		Forg forg = new Forg() ;
		System.out.println("Bye!") ;
		forg.dispose() ;
	}
}
/* Output:
Creating Characteristic is alive
Creating Description Basic Living Creature
LivingCreature()
Creating Characteristic has heart
Creating Description Animal not Vegetable
Animal()
Creating Characteristic can live in the water
Creating Description Both water and land
Amphibian()
Creating Characteristic croaks
Creating Description Eat bugs
Forg()
Bye!
Dispose Forg
Disposing Description Eat bugs
Disposing Characteristic croaks
Dispose Amphibian
Disposing Description Both water and land
Disposing Characteristic can live in the water
Dispose Animal
Disposing Description Animal not Vegetable
Disposing Characteristic has heart
Dispose LivingCreature
Disposing Description Basic Living Creature
Disposing Characteristic is alive
*///:~

package org.fmz.polymorphism ;

class Glyph{
	void draw(){
		System.out.println("Glyph.draw()") ;
	}
	Glyph(){
		System.out.println("Before Glyph.draw()") ;
		draw() ;
		System.out.println("After Glyph.draw()") ;
	}
}

class RoundGlyph extends Glyph{
	private int radius = 1 ;
	RoundGlyph(int r){
		radius = r ;
		System.out.println("RoundGlyph()，radius = " + radius) ;
	}
	void draw(){
		System.out.println("RoundGlyph.draw()，radius = " + radius) ;
	}
}

public class PolyConstructor{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		new RoundGlyph(5) ;
	}
}
/* Output:
Before Glyph.draw()
RoundGlyph.draw()，radius = 0
After Glyph.draw()
RoundGlyph()，radius = 5
*///:~

package org.fmz.polymorphism ;

class Grain{
	public String toString(){
		return "Grain" ;
	}
}

class Wheat extends Grain{
	public String toString(){
		return "Wheat" ;
	}
}

class Mill{
	Grain process(){
		return new Grain() ;
	}
}

class WheatMill extends Mill{
	Wheat process(){//以前的版本，次覆盖的方法只能返回Grain，现在的版本可以返回更加具体的类型
		return new Wheat() ;
	}
}

public class CovariantReturn{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Mill m = new Mill() ;
		Grain g = m.process() ;
		System.out.println(g) ;
		m = new WheatMill() ;
		g = m.process() ;
		System.out.println(g) ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.polymorphism ;

class Actor{
	void act(){
		
	} 
}

class HappyActor extends Actor{
	void act(){
		System.out.println("HappyActor") ;
	}
}

class SadActor extends Actor{
	void act(){
		System.out.println("SadActor") ;
	}
}

class Stage{
	private Actor actor = new HappyActor() ;
	public void change(){
		actor = new SadActor() ;
	}
	public void performPlay(){
		actor.act() ;
	}
}

public class StagePerform{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Stage stage = new Stage() ;
		stage.performPlay() ;
		stage.change() ;
		stage.performPlay() ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.interfaces ;

    abstract class PureAbstract{
        abstract void f() ;
        abstract void g() ;
        public static void main(String args[]){
            PureAbstract pa = new PureAbstract() ;
        }
    }

package org.fmz.interfaces ;

abstract class ImpureAbstract{
	abstract void f() ;
	abstract void g() ;
	void h(){
		
	}
	public static void main(String args[]){
		ImpureAbstract ia = new ImpureAbstract() ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.interfaces ;

import java.util.* ;

class Processor{
	public String name(){
		return getClass().getSimpleName() ;//Object类中的方法，其他类默认继承
	}
	Object process(Object input){
		return input ;
	}
}

class Upcase extends Processor{
	String process(Object input){//covariant return
		return ((String)input).toUpperCase() ;
	}
}

class Downcase extends Processor{
	String process(Object input){//covariant return
		return ((String)input).toLowerCase() ;
	}
}

class Splitter extends Processor{
	String process(Object input){//coveriant return
		return Arrays.toString(((String)input).split(" ")) ;//将字符串数组转化为一个可打印输出的数组
	}
}

public class Apply{
	public static void process(Processor p, Object s){
		System.out.println("Using Processor " + p.name()) ;
		System.out.println(p.process(s)) ;
	}

	public static String s = "Disagreement with beliefs is by definition incorrect" ;//静态域

	public static void main(String args[]){
		process(new Upcase(),s) ;
		process(new Downcase(),s) ;
		process(new Splitter(),s) ;
	}
}/* Output:
Using Processor Upcase
DISAGREEMENT WITH BELIEFS IS BY DEFINITION INCORRECT
Using Processor Downcase
disagreement with beliefs is by definition incorrect
Using Processor Splitter
[Disagreement, with, beliefs, is, by, definition, incorrect]
*/

package org.fmz.interfaces ;

public interface Processor{
	String name() ;
	Object process(Object input) ;
}

package org.fmz.interfaces ;

public class Apply{
	public static void process(Processor p, Object s){
		System.out.println("Using Processor " + p.name()) ;
		System.out.println(p.process(s)) ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.interfaces ;

import java.util.* ;

public abstract class StringProcessor implements Processor{
	public String name(){
		return getClass().getSimpleName() ;
	}
	public abstract String process(Object input) ;
	public static String s = "Disagreement with beliefs is by definition incorrect" ;
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Apply.process(new Upcase(),s) ;
		Apply.process(new Downcase(),s) ;
		Apply.process(new Splitter(),s) ;
	}
}

class Upcase extends StringProcessor{
	public String process(Object input){//covariant return
		return ((String)input).toUpperCase() ;
	}
}

class Downcase extends StringProcessor{
	public String process(Object input){//covariant return
		return ((String)input).toLowerCase() ;
	}
}

class Splitter extends StringProcessor{
	public String process(Object input){//coveriant return
		return Arrays.toString(((String)input).split(" ")) ;//将字符串数组转化为一个可打印输出的数组
	}
}

package org.fmz.interfaces ;

public class WaveForm{
	private static long counter ;
	private final long id = counter++ ;
	public String toString(){
		return "WaveForm" + id ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.interfaces ;

public class Filter{
	public String name(){
		return getClass().getSimpleName() ;
	}
	public WaveForm process(WaveForm input){
		return input ;	
	}
}

package org.fmz.interfaces ;

public class LowPass extends Filter{
	double cutoff ;
	public LowPass(double cutoff){
		this.cutoff = cutoff ;
	}
	public WaveForm process(WaveForm input){
		return input ;	
	}
}

package org.fmz.interfaces ;

public class HighPass extends Filter{
	double cutoff ;
	public HighPass(double cutoff){
		this.cutoff = cutoff ;
	}
	public WaveForm process(WaveForm input){
		return input ;	
	}
}

package org.fmz.interfaces ;

public class BandPass extends Filter{
	double lowCutoff, highCutoff ;
	public BandPass(double lowCutoff, double highCutoff){
		this.lowCutoff = lowCutoff ;
		this.highCutoff = highCutoff ;
	}
	public WaveForm process(WaveForm input){
		return input ;	
	}
}

package org.fmz.interfaces ;

class FilterAdapter implements Processor{
	Filter filter ;
	public FilterAdapter(Filter filter){
		this.filter = filter ;
	}
	public String name(){
		return filter.name() ;
	}
	public WaveForm process(Object input){
		return filter.process((WaveForm)input) ;
	}
}

public class FilterProcessor{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		WaveForm w = new WaveForm() ;
		Apply.process(new FilterAdapter(new LowPass(1.0)), w) ;
		w = new WaveForm() ;
		Apply.process(new FilterAdapter(new HighPass(2.0)), w) ;
		w = new WaveForm() ;
		Apply.process(new FilterAdapter(new BandPass(3.0, 4.0)), w) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	Using Processor LowPass
	WaveForm0
	Using Processor HighPass
	WaveForm1
	Using Processor BandPass
	WaveForm2
*/

Using Processor LowPass
WaveForm0
Using Processor HighPass
WaveForm0
Using Processor BandPass
WaveForm0

package org.fmz.interfaces ;

import java.nio.* ;
import java.util.* ;

public class RandomWords implements Readable{
	private static Random rand = new Random(47) ;
	private static final char[] capitals = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ".toCharArray() ;
	private static final char[] lowers = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz".toCharArray() ;
	private static final char[] vowels = "aeiou".toCharArray() ;
	private int count ;
	public RandomWords(int count){
		this.count = count ;
	}
	public int read(CharBuffer cb){
		if(count-- == 0){
			return -1 ;
		}
		cb.append(capitals[rand.nextInt(capitals.length)]) ;
		for(int i=0;i<4;i++){
			cb.append(vowels[rand.nextInt(vowels.length)]) ;
			cb.append(lowers[rand.nextInt(lowers.length)]) ;
		}
		cb.append(" ") ;
		return 10 ;
	}
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Scanner s = new Scanner(new RandomWords(10)) ;//默认状态下以空格进行split
		while(s.hasNext()){
			System.out.println(s.next()) ;
		}
	}
}

package org.fmz.interfaces ;

import java.nio.* ;
import java.util.* ;

public class AdaptRandomDoubles extends RandomDoubles implements Readable{
	private int count ;
	public AdaptRandomDoubles(int count){
		this.count = count ;
	}
	public int read(CharBuffer cb){
		if(count-- == 0){
			return -1 ;
		}
		String result = Double.toString(next()) + " " ;
		cb.append(result) ;
		return result.length() ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		Scanner s = new Scanner(new AdaptRandomDoubles(20)) ;
		while(s.hasNextDouble()){
			System.out.print(s.nextDouble() + " ") ;
		}
	}
}

import java.util.* ;

public interface RandVals{
	Random RAND = new Random(47) ;
	int RAND_INT = RAND.nextInt(10) ;
	long RAND_LONG = RAND.nextLong() * 10 ;
	float RAND_FLOAT = RAND.nextFloat() * 10 ;
	double RAND_DOUBLE = RAND.nextDouble() * 10 ;
}

package org.fmz.interfaces ;

public class TestRandVals{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		System.out.println(RandVals.RAND_INT) ;
		System.out.println(RandVals.RAND_LONG) ;
		System.out.println(RandVals.RAND_FLOAT) ;
		System.out.println(RandVals.RAND_DOUBLE) ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.interfaces ;

interface Service{
	void method1() ;
	void method2() ;
}

interface ServiceFactory{
	Service getService() ;
}

class Implementation1 implements Service{
	Implementation1(){}
	public void method1(){
		System.out.println("Implementation1 method1") ;
	}
	public void method2(){
		System.out.println("Implementation1 method2") ;
	}
}

class ImplementationFactory1 implements ServiceFactory{
	public Service getService(){
		return new Implementation1() ;
	}

}

class Implementation2 implements Service{
	Implementation2(){}
	public void method1(){
		System.out.println("Implementation2 method1") ;
	}
	public void method2(){
		System.out.println("Implementation2 method2") ;
	}
}

class ImplementationFactory2 implements ServiceFactory{
	public Service getService(){
		return new Implementation2() ;
	}

}

public class Factory{
	public static Service serviceCustomer(ServiceFactory sf){
		return sf.getService() ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		ServiceFactory sf = new ImplementationFactory1() ;
		serviceCustomer(sf).method1() ;
		serviceCustomer(sf).method2() ;
		sf = new ImplementationFactory2() ;
		serviceCustomer(sf).method1() ;
		serviceCustomer(sf).method2() ;
	}
}/* Output:
Implementation1 method1
Implementation1 method2
Implementation2 method1
Implementation2 method2
*/

package org.fmz.interfaces ;

interface Game{
	boolean move() ;
}

interface GameFactory{
	Game getGame() ;
}

class Checkers implements Game{//西洋跳棋
	private int moves ;
	private static final int MOVES = 3 ;
	public boolean move(){
		System.out.println("Checkers move" + moves) ;
		return ++moves != MOVES ;
	}
}

class CheckersFactory implements GameFactory{
	public Game getGame(){
		return new Checkers() ;
	}
}

class Chess implements Game{//国际象棋
	private int moves = 0 ;
	private static final int MOVES = 4 ;
	public boolean move(){
		System.out.println("Chess move" + moves) ;
		return ++moves != MOVES ;
	}
}

class ChessFactory implements GameFactory{
	public Game getGame(){
		return new Chess() ;
	}
}

public class Games{
	public static void playGame(GameFactory factory){
		Game s = factory.getGame() ;
		while(s.move()){
			;
		}
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		playGame(new CheckersFactory()) ;
		playGame(new ChessFactory()) ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.inner ;

public class Parcel1{
	class Contents{
		private int i = 11 ;
		public int value(){
			return i ;
		}
	}

	class Destination{
		private String label ;
		Destination(String whereTo){
			label = whereTo ;
		}
		String readLabel(){
			return label ;
		}
	}

	public void ship(String dest){
		Contents c = new Contents() ;
		Destination d = new Destination(dest) ;
		System.out.println(c.value()) ;
		System.out.println(d.readLabel()) ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		Parcel1 p = new Parcel1() ;
		p.ship("Tasmania") ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.inner ;

public class Parcel2{
	class Contents{
		private int i = 11 ;
		public int value(){
			return i ;
		}
	}

	class Destination{
		private String label ;
		Destination(String whereTo){
			label = whereTo ;
		}
		String readLabel(){
			return label ;
		}
	}

	public Contents contents(){
		System.out.println("create new Contents") ;
		return new Contents() ;
	}

	public Destination to(String s){
		System.out.println("create new Destination") ;
		return new Destination(s) ;
	}

	public void ship(String dest){
		Contents c = new Contents() ;
		Destination d = new Destination(dest) ;
		System.out.println(c.value()) ;
		System.out.println(d.readLabel()) ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		Parcel2 p = new Parcel2() ;
		p.ship("Tasmania") ;

		Parcel2 q = new Parcel2() ;
		Contents c = q.contents() ;
		//Parcel2.Contents c = q.contents() ;
		Destination d = q.to("chengdu") ;
		//Parcel2.Destination d = q.to("chengdu") ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.inner ;

interface Selector{
	boolean end() ;
	Object current() ;
	void next() ;
}

public class Sequence{
	private Object[] items ;
	private int next = 0 ;
	public Sequence(int size){
		items = new Object[size] ;
	}
	public void add(Object x){
		if(next < items.length){
			items[next++] = x ;
		}
	}

	private class SequenceSelector implements Selector{
		private int i = 0 ;
		public boolean end(){
			return i == items.length ;
		}
		public Object current(){
			return items[i] ;
		}
		public void next(){
			if(i < items.length){
				i ++ ;
			}
		}
	}

	public Selector selector(){
		return new SequenceSelector() ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		Sequence sequence = new Sequence(10) ;
		for(int i=0;i<10;i++){
			sequence.add(Integer.toString(i)) ;
		}
		Selector selector = sequence.selector() ;//外部类对象创建一个内部类对象，二者发生关联
		while(!selector.end()){
			System.out.print(selector.current() + " ") ;
			selector.next() ;
		}
	}
}

package org.fmz.inner ;

public class DotThis{
	void f(){
		System.out.println("DotThis.f()") ;
	}
	public class Inner{
		public DotThis outer(){
			return DotThis.this ;//产生外部类的一个引用
		}
	}
	public Inner inner(){
		return new Inner() ;
	}
	public static void main(String args[]){
		DotThis dotthis = new DotThis() ;
		Inner inner = dotthis.inner() ;
		inner.outer().f() ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.inner ;

public class DotNew{
	public class Inner{
	}
	public static void main(String args[]){
		DotNew dn = new DotNew() ;
		Inner inner = dn.new Inner() ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.inner ;

interface Destination{
	String readLabel() ;
}

interface Contents{
	int value() ;
}

class Parcel4{
	private class PContents implements Contents{
		private int i = 11 ;
		public int value(){
			return i ;
		}
	}

	protected class PDestination implements Destination{
		private String label ;
		private PDestination(String whereTo){
			label = whereTo ;
		}
		public String readLabel(){
			return label ;
		}
	}

	public Destination destination(String s){
		return new PDestination(s) ;
	}

	public Contents contents(){
		return new PContents() ;
	}
}

public class TestParcel{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Parcel4 p = new Parcel4() ;
		Contents c = p.contents() ;
		Destination d = p.destination("chengdu") ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.inner ;

public class Parcel7{
	public Contents contents(){
		return new Contents(){
			private int i = 11 ;
			public int value(){
				return i ;
			}
		};//需要分号
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		Parcel7 p = new Parcel7() ;
		Contents c = p.contents() ;
	}
}

public class Parcel7{
	class MyContents implements Contents{
		private int i = 11 ;
		public int value(){
			return i ;
		}
	}
	public Contents contents(){
		return new MyContents() ;
	}
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Parcel7 p = new Parcel7() ;
		Contents c = p.contents() ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.inner ;

interface Service{
	void method1() ;
	void method2() ;
}

interface ServiceFactory{
	Service getService() ;
}

class Implementation1 implements Service{
	private Implementation1(){}
	public void method1(){
		System.out.println("Implementation1 method1") ;
	}
	public void method2(){
		System.out.println("Implementation1 method2") ;
	}
	public static ServiceFactory factory =//通常是一个接口
		new ServiceFactory(){
			public Service getService(){
				return new Implementation1() ;
			}
	};//内部类
}

class Implementation2 implements Service{
	private Implementation2(){}
	public void method1(){
		System.out.println("Implementation2 method1") ;
	}
	public void method2(){
		System.out.println("Implementation2 method2") ;
	}
	public static ServiceFactory factory =
		new ServiceFactory(){
			public Service getService(){
				return new Implementation2() ;
			}
	};//内部类
}

public class Factory{
	public static Service serviceCustomer(ServiceFactory sf){
		return sf.getService() ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		ServiceFactory sf = Implementation1.factory ;
		serviceCustomer(sf).method1() ;
		serviceCustomer(sf).method2() ;
		sf = Implementation2.factory ;
		serviceCustomer(sf).method1() ;
		serviceCustomer(sf).method2() ;
	}
}/* Output:
	Implementation1 method1
	Implementation1 method2
	Implementation2 method1
	Implementation2 method2
*/

package org.fmz.inner ;

interface A{

}

interface B{

}
//单一类的模式
class X implements A, B{

}
//内部类的模式
class Y implements A{
	B b = new B(){};
}

public class MultiInterfaces{

}

package org.fmz.inner ;

class D{

}

abstract class E{

}

class Z extends D{
	E e = new E(){
	};
}

public class MultiImplementation{

}

package org.fmz.holding ;

import java.util.* ;

class Apple{
	private static long counter ;
	private final long id = counter ++ ;
	public long id(){
		return id ;
	}
}

public class AppleAndOrangeWithoutGenerics{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		ArrayList<Apple> apples = new ArrayList<Apple>() ;
		for(int i=0;i<10;i++){
			apples.add(new Apple()) ;
		}
		for(int i=0;i<apples.size();i++){
			System.out.println(apples.get(i).id()) ;
		}
		for(Apple apple : apples){
			System.out.println(apple.id()) ;
		}
	}
}

package org.fmz.holding ;

import java.util.* ;

public class SimpleCollection{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Collection<Integer> c = new ArrayList<Integer>() ;
		for(int i=0;i<100;i++){
			c.add(i);//Autoboxing
		}
		for(Integer i : c){
			System.out.print(i + " ") ;
		}
	}
}

package org.fmz.holding ;

import java.util.* ;

public class AddingGroups{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Collection<Integer> collection = new ArrayList<Integer>(Arrays.asList(1,2,3,4,5)) ;
		Integer[] moreInts = {5,6,7,8,9,10} ;
		collection.addAll(Arrays.asList(moreInts)) ;
		Collections.addAll(collection,11,12,13,14,15,16) ;
		Collections.addAll(collection,moreInts) ;
		List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(16,17,18,19,20) ;
		list.set(1,99) ;
		//list.add(21) ;
		for(Integer i : collection){
			System.out.print(i + "，") ;
		}
		System.out.println("*******************") ;
		
		for(Integer i : list){
			System.out.print(i + "，") ;
		}
	}
}

package org.fmz.holding ;

import java.util.* ;

class Snow{
}

class Powder extends Snow{
}

class Light extends Powder{
}

class Heavy extends Powder{
}

class Crusty extends Snow{
}

class Slush extends Snow{
}

public class AsListInterface{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		List<Snow> snow1 = Arrays.asList(new Powder(), new Crusty(), new Slush()) ;
		List<Snow> snow2 = Arrays.asList(new Light(), new Heavy()) ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.holding ;

import java.util.* ;

public class PrintingContainers{
	static Collection fill(Collection<String> collection){
		collection.add("rat") ;
		collection.add("cat") ;
		collection.add("dog") ;
		collection.add("dog") ;
		return collection ;
	}

	static Map fill(Map<String, String> map){
		map.put("rat", "Fuzzy") ;
		map.put("cat", "Rags") ;
		map.put("dog", "Bosco") ;
		map.put("dog", "Spot") ;
		return map ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		System.out.println(fill(new ArrayList<String>())) ;
		System.out.println(fill(new LinkedList<String>())) ;
		System.out.println(fill(new HashSet<String>())) ;
		System.out.println(fill(new TreeSet<String>())) ;
		System.out.println(fill(new LinkedHashSet<String>())) ;
		System.out.println(fill(new HashMap<String, String>())) ;
		System.out.println(fill(new TreeMap<String, String>())) ;
		System.out.println(fill(new LinkedHashMap<String, String>())) ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.holding ;

import java.util.* ;
import typeinfo.pets.* ;

public class ListFeatures{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Random rand = new Random(47) ;
		List<Pet> pets = Pets.arrayList(7) ;
		System.out.println("1：" + pets) ;
		Hamster h = new Hamster() ;
		pets.add(h) ;//Automatically resizes
		System.out.println("2: " + pets) ;
		System.out.println("3: " + pets.contains(h)) ;
		pets.remove(h) ;
		Pet p = pets.get(2) ;
		System.out.println("4: " + p + " " + pets.indexOf(p)) ;
		Pet cymric = new Cymric() ;
		System.out.println("5: " + pets.indexOf(cymric)) ;
		System.out.println("6: " + pets.remove(cymric)) ;
		//必须是准确的对象
		System.out.println("7: " + pets.remove(p)) ;
		System.out.println("8: " + pets) ;
		pets.add(3, new Mouse()) ;
		System.out.println("9: " + pets) ;
		List<Pet> sub = pets.subList(1,4) ;
		System.out.println("Sublist: " + sub) ;
		System.out.println("10: " + pets.containsAll(sub)) ;
		Collections.sort(sub) ;
		System.out.println("sorted sublist: " + sub) ;
		System.out.println("11: " + pets.containsAll(sub)) ;//来说containsAll()，参数中元素的顺序不重要
		Collections.shuffle(sub,rand) ;
		System.out.println("Shuffled Sublist: " + sub) ;
		System.out.println("12: " + pets.containsAll(sub)) ;
		List<Pet> copy = new ArrayList<Pet>(pets) ;
		sub = Arrays.asList(pets.get(1), pets.get(4)) ;
		System.out.println("Sub: " + sub) ;
		copy.retainAll(sub) ;//交集的行为
		System.out.println("13: " + copy) ;
		copy = new ArrayList<Pet>(pets) ;
		copy.remove(2) ;
		System.out.println("14: " + copy) ;
		copy.removeAll(sub) ;//补集的行为
		System.out.println("15: " + copy) ;
		copy.set(1, new Mouse()) ;
		System.out.println("16: " + copy) ;
		copy.addAll(2, sub) ;
		System.out.println("17: " + copy) ;
		System.out.println("18: " + pets.isEmpty()) ;
		pets.clear() ;
		System.out.println("19: " + pets) ;
		System.out.println("20: " + pets.isEmpty()) ;
		pets.addAll(Pets.arrayList(4)) ;//并集的行为
		System.out.println("21: " + pets) ;
		Object[] o = pets.toArray() ;
		System.out.println("22: " + o[3]) ;
		Pet[] pa = pets.toArray(new Pet[0]) ;
		System.out.println("23: " + pa[3].id()) ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.holding ;

import java.util.* ;
import typeinfo.pets.* ;

public class SimpleIteration{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		List<Pet> pets = Pets.arrayList(12) ;
		Iterator<Pet> it = pets.iterator() ;
		while(it.hasNext()){
			Pet p = it.next() ;
			System.out.print(p.id() + ":" + p + " ") ;
		}
		System.out.println() ;

		for(Pet p : pets){
			System.out.print(p.id() + ":" + p + " ") ;
		}
		System.out.println() ;
		it = pets.iterator() ;//必须要生成新的迭代器
		for(int i=0;i<6;i++){
			it.next() ;
			it.remove() ;//移除由next()产生的最后一个元素，在调用remove()之前必须先调用next()方法
		}
		System.out.println(pets) ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.holding ;

import java.util.* ;
import typeinfo.pets.* ;

public class CrossContainerIteration{
	public static void display(Iterator<Pet> it){
		while(it.hasNext()){
			Pet p = it.next() ;
			System.out.println(p.id() + ":" + p + " ") ;
		}
		System.out.println() ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		ArrayList<Pet> pets = Pets.arrayList(8) ;
		LinkedList<Pet> petsll = new LinkedList<Pet>(pets) ;
		HashSet<Pet> petshs = new HashSet<Pet>(pets) ;
		TreeSet<Pet> petsts = new TreeSet<Pet>(pets) ;
		display(pets.iterator()) ;
		display(petsll.iterator()) ;
		display(petshs.iterator()) ;
		display(petsts.iterator()) ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.holding ;

import java.util.* ;
import typeinfo.pets.* ;

public class ListIteration{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		List<Pet> pets = Pets.arrayList(8) ;
		ListIterator<Pet> it = pets.listIterator() ;
		while(it.hasNext()){
			System.out.print(it.next() + ", " + it.nextIndex() + ", " + it.previousIndex() + "; ") ;
		}
		System.out.println() ;

		while(it.hasPrevious()){//反序
			System.out.print(it.previousIndex() + ":" + it.previous() + "; ") ;
		}
		System.out.println() ;
		System.out.println(pets) ;
		it = pets.listIterator(3) ;
		while(it.hasNext()){
			it.next() ;
			it.set(Pets.randomPet()) ;//set()方法表示是是replace()的意思
		}
		System.out.println(pets) ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.holding ;

import typeinfo.pets.* ;
import java.util.* ;

public class LinkedListFeatures{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		LinkedList<Pet> pets = new LinkedList<Pet>(Pets.arrayList(5)) ;
		System.out.println("pets: " + pets) ;
		System.out.println("pets.getFirst(): " + pets.getFirst()) ;//返回第一元素，列表为空时抛出NoSuchElementException
		System.out.println("pets.element(): " + pets.element()) ;//返回第一元素，列表为空时抛出NoSuchElementException
		System.out.println("pets.peek(): " + pets.peek()) ;//返回第一个元素，在列表为空时返回null
		System.out.println("pets: " + pets) ;
		System.out.println("pets.remove(): " + pets.remove()) ;//删除第一个元素(列表中的头)，列表为空时返回null
		System.out.println("pets: " + pets) ;
		System.out.println("pets.removeFirst(): " + pets.removeFirst()) ;//删除第一个元素，列表为空时抛出NoSuchElementException
		System.out.println("pets: " + pets) ;
		System.out.println("pets.poll(): " + pets.poll()) ;//返回并且删除第一个元素(列表中的头)
		System.out.println("pets: " + pets) ;
		pets.addFirst(new Rat()) ;//在列表中的头添加元素
		System.out.println("pets: " + pets) ;
		pets.offer(Pets.randomPet()) ;//在列表中的尾添加元素
		System.out.println("After offer(), pets: " + pets) ;
		pets.add(Pets.randomPet()) ;//在列表中的尾添加元素
		System.out.println("After add(), pets: " + pets) ;
		pets.addLast(Pets.randomPet()) ;//在列表中的尾添加元素
		System.out.println("After addLast(), pets: " + pets) ;
		System.out.println("pets.removeLast(): " + pets.removeLast()) ;//返回并且删除最后一个元素(列表中的尾)
		System.out.println("pets: " + pets) ;
		System.out.println("pets.remove(): " + pets.remove()) ;
		System.out.println("pets: " + pets) ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.holding ;

import java.util.* ;

public class Stack<T>{
	private LinkedList<T> storage = new LinkedList<T>() ;
	public void push(T v){
		storage.addFirst(v) ;
	}
	public T peek(){
		return storage.getFirst() ;
	}

	public T pop(){
		return storage.removeFirst() ;
	}

	public boolean empty(){
		return storage.isEmpty() ;
	}

	public String toString(){
		return storage.toString() ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.holding ;

public class StackTest{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Stack<String> stack = new Stack<String>() ;
		for(String s : "My dog has fleas".split(" ")){
			stack.push(s) ;
		}
		while(!stack.empty()){
			System.out.print(stack.pop() + " ") ;
		}
	}
}/* Output:
	*******************
	fleas *******************
	has *******************
	dog *******************
	My
*/

package org.fmz.holding ;

import java.util.* ;

public class StackTest{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Stack<String> stack = new Stack<String>() ;
		for(String s : "My dog has fleas".split(" ")){
			stack.push(s) ;
		}
		while(!stack.empty()){
			System.out.print(stack.pop() + " ") ;
		}
	}
}/* Output:
	*******************
	fleas *******************
	has *******************
	dog *******************
	My
*/

package org.fmz.holding ;

import java.util.Stack ;

public class StackTest{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Stack<String> stack = new Stack<String>() ;
		for(String s : "My dog has fleas".split(" ")){
			stack.push(s) ;
		}
		while(!stack.empty()){
			System.out.print(stack.pop() + " ") ;

		}
	}
}/* Output:
	fleas has dog My
*/

package org.fmz.holding ;

import java.util.* ;

public class SetOfInteger{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Random rand = new Random(47) ;
		Set<Integer> intset = new HashSet<Integer>() ;
		for(int i=0;i<1000;i++){
			intset.add(rand.nextInt(30)) ;
		}
		System.out.println(intset) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29]
*/

package org.fmz.holding ;

import java.util.* ;

public class SetOperations{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Set<String> set1 = new HashSet<String>() ;
		Collections.addAll(set1, "A B C D E F G H I J K L".split(" ")) ;
		set1.add("M") ;
		System.out.println("H: " + set1.contains("H")) ;
		System.out.println("N: " + set1.contains("N")) ;
		Set<String> set2 = new HashSet<String>() ;
		Collections.addAll(set2, "H I J K L".split(" ")) ;
		System.out.println("set2 in set1: " + set1.containsAll(set2)) ;
		set1.remove("H") ;
		System.out.println("Set1: " + set1) ;
		System.out.println("set2 in set1: " + set1.containsAll(set2)) ;
		set1.removeAll(set2) ;
		System.out.println("Set1: " + set1) ;
		Collections.addAll(set1, "X Y Z".split(" ")) ;
		System.out.println("Set1: " + set1) ;
	}
}/* Output:
H: true
N: false
set2 in set1: true
Set1: [A, B, C, D, E, F, G, I, J, K, L, M]
set2 in set1: false
Set1: [A, B, C, D, E, F, G, M]
Set1: [A, B, C, D, E, F, G, M, X, Y, Z]
*/

package org.fmz.holding ;

import java.util.* ;
import net.mindview.util.* ;

public class UniqueWords{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Set<String> words = new TreeSet<String>(new TextFile("SetOperations.java", "\\W+")) ;
		System.out.println(words) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	[A, B, C, Collections, D, E, F, G, H, HashSet, I, J, K, L, M, N, Set, Set1, SetOperations, String, System, X, Y, Z, add,
	 addAll, args, class, contains, containsAll, fmz, holding, import, in, java, main, new, org, out, package, println, publ
	ic, remove, removeAll, set1, set2, split, static, util, void]
*/

package org.fmz.holding ;

import java.util.* ;
import net.mindview.util.* ;

public class UniqueWordsAlphabetic{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Set<String> words = new TreeSet<String>(String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER) ;
		words.addAll(new TextFile("SetOperations.java", "\\W+")) ;
		System.out.println(words) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	[A, add, addAll, args, B, C, class, Collections, contains, containsAll, D, E, F, fmz, G, H, HashSet, holding, I, import,
	 in, J, java, K, L, M, main, N, new, org, out, package, println, public, remove, removeAll, Set, set1, set2, SetOperatio
	ns, split, static, String, System, util, void, X, Y, Z]
*/

package org.fmz.holding ;

import java.util.* ;

public class Statistics{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Random rand = new Random(47) ;
		Map<Integer, Integer> m = new HashMap<Integer, Integer>() ;
		for(int i=0;i<10000;i++){
			int r = rand.nextInt(20) ;
			Integer freq = m.get(r) ;
			m.put(r, freq == null ? 1 : freq+1) ;//这时候就显现出了抛出异常和值为null的不同之处了，如果这个时候抛出异常，则根本无法进行赋值
		}
		System.out.println(m) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	{0=481, 1=502, 2=489, 3=508, 4=481, 5=503, 6=519, 7=471, 8=468, 9=549, 10=513, 11=531, 12=521, 13=506, 14=477, 15=497, 1
	6=533, 17=509, 18=478, 19=464}
*/

package org.fmz.holding ;

import typeinfo.pets.* ;
import java.util.* ;

public class PetMap{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Map<String, Pet> petMap = new HashMap<String, Pet>() ;
		petMap.put("My Cat", new Cat("Molly")) ;
		petMap.put("My Dog", new Dog("Ginger")) ;
		petMap.put("My Hamster", new Hamster("Bosco")) ;
		System.out.println(petMap) ;
		Pet dog = petMap.get("My Dog") ;
		System.out.println(dog) ;
		System.out.println(petMap.containsKey("My Dog")) ;
		System.out.println(petMap.containsValue(dog)) ;//一定是一个对象的引用
	}
}/* Output:
	{My Dog=Dog Ginger, My Cat=Cat Molly, My Hamster=Hamster Bosco}
	Dog Ginger
	true
	true
*/

package org.fmz.holding ;

import java.util.* ;

public class QueueDemo{
	public static void printQ(Queue queue){
		while(queue.peek() != null){
			System.out.print(queue.remove() + " ") ;
		}
		System.out.println() ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		Queue<Integer> queue = new LinkedList<Integer>() ;
		Random rand = new Random(47) ;
		for(int i=0;i<10;i++){
			int temp = rand.nextInt(i + 10) ;
			System.out.print(temp + " ") ;
			queue.offer(temp) ;
		}
		System.out.println() ;
		printQ(queue) ;
		Queue<Character> queuec = new LinkedList<Character>() ;
		for(char c : "zhonghuarenminggongheguo".toCharArray()){
			queuec.offer(c) ;
		}
		printQ(queuec) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	8 1 1 1 5 14 3 1 0 1
	8 1 1 1 5 14 3 1 0 1
	z h o n g h u a r e n m i n g g o n g h e g u o
*/

package org.fmz.holding ;

import java.util.* ;

public class PriorityQueueDemo{
	public static void printQ(Queue queue){
		while(queue.peek() != null){
			System.out.print(queue.remove() + " ") ;
		}
		System.out.println() ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		Queue<Integer> queue = new PriorityQueue<Integer>() ;
		Random rand = new Random(47) ;
		for(int i=0;i<10;i++){
			int temp = rand.nextInt(i + 10) ;
			System.out.print(temp + " ") ;
			queue.offer(temp) ;
		}
		System.out.println() ;
		printQ(queue) ;
		Queue<Character> pq = new PriorityQueue<Character>() ;
		for(char c : "zhonghuarenminggongheguo".toCharArray()){
			pq.offer(c) ;
		}
		printQ(pq) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	8 1 1 1 5 14 3 1 0 1
	0 1 1 1 1 1 3 5 8 14
	a e e g g g g g h h h i m n n n n o o o r u u z
*/

package org.fmz.holding ;

import typeinfo.pets.* ;
import java.util.* ;

public class InterfacesVsIterator{
	public static void display(Collection<Pet> pets){
		for(Pet p : pets){
			System.out.print(p.id() + ":" + p + " ") ;
		}
		System.out.println() ;
	}

	public static void display(Iterator<Pet> it){
		while(it.hasNext()){
			Pet p = it.next() ;
			System.out.print(p.id() + ":" + p + " ") ;
		}
		System.out.println() ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		List<Pet> pets = Pets.arrayList(8) ;
		Set<Pet> petshs = new HashSet<Pet>() ;
		for(Pet p : pets){
			petshs.add(p) ;//对象的添加不会重复
		}
		Map<String, Pet> petslhm = new LinkedHashMap<String, Pet>() ;
		String[] names = "A B C D E F G H".split(" ") ;
		for(int i=0;i<names.length;i++){
			petslhm.put(names[i], pets.get(i)) ;
		}
		System.out.println(pets) ;
		display(pets) ;
		display(pets.iterator()) ;
		System.out.println(petshs) ;
		display(petshs) ;
		display(petshs.iterator()) ;
		System.out.println(petslhm) ;
		System.out.println(petslhm.keySet()) ;
		System.out.println(petslhm.values()) ;
		display(petslhm.values()) ;
		display(petslhm.values().iterator()) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	[Rat, Manx, Cymric, Mutt, Pug, Cymric, Pug, Manx]
	0:Rat 1:Manx 2:Cymric 3:Mutt 4:Pug 5:Cymric 6:Pug 7:Manx
	0:Rat 1:Manx 2:Cymric 3:Mutt 4:Pug 5:Cymric 6:Pug 7:Manx
	[Rat, Manx, Cymric, Mutt, Pug, Cymric, Pug, Manx]
	0:Rat 1:Manx 2:Cymric 3:Mutt 4:Pug 5:Cymric 6:Pug 7:Manx
	0:Rat 1:Manx 2:Cymric 3:Mutt 4:Pug 5:Cymric 6:Pug 7:Manx
	{A=Rat, B=Manx, C=Cymric, D=Mutt, E=Pug, F=Cymric, G=Pug, H=Manx}
	[A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H]
	[Rat, Manx, Cymric, Mutt, Pug, Cymric, Pug, Manx]
	0:Rat 1:Manx 2:Cymric 3:Mutt 4:Pug 5:Cymric 6:Pug 7:Manx
	0:Rat 1:Manx 2:Cymric 3:Mutt 4:Pug 5:Cymric 6:Pug 7:Manx
*/

package org.fmz.holding ;

import typeinfo.pets.* ;
import java.util.* ;

public class CollectionSequence extends AbstractCollection<Pet>{
	private Pet[] pets = Pets.createArray(8) ;
	public int size(){
		return pets.length ;
	}
	public Iterator<Pet> iterator(){//怎么可能有构造方法，明明是一个接口啊
		return new Iterator<Pet>(){//原来是个内部类
			private int index = 0 ;
			public boolean hasNext(){
				return index < pets.length ;
			}
			public Pet next(){
				return pets[index++] ;
			}
			public void remove(){
				throw new UnsupportedOperationException() ;
			}
		};	
	}
	public static void main(String args[]){
		CollectionSequence c = new CollectionSequence() ;
		InterfacesVsIterator.display(c) ;
		InterfacesVsIterator.display(c.iterator()) ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.holding ;

import typeinfo.pets.* ;
import java.util.* ;

class PetSequence{
	protected Pet[] pets = Pets.createArray(8) ;
}

public class NoCollectionSequence extends PetSequence{
	public Iterator<Pet> iterator(){//怎么可能有构造方法，明明是一个接口啊
		return new Iterator<Pet>(){//原来是个内部类
			private int index = 0 ;
			public boolean hasNext(){
				return index < pets.length ;
			}
			public Pet next(){
				return pets[index++] ;
			}
			public void remove(){
				throw new UnsupportedOperationException() ;
			}
		};	
	}
	public static void main(String args[]){
		NoCollectionSequence nc = new NoCollectionSequence() ;
		//InterfacesVsIterator.display(c) ;
		InterfacesVsIterator.display(nc.iterator()) ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.holding ;

import java.util.* ;

public class IterableClass implements Iterable<String>{
	protected String[] words = "And that is how we know the Earth to be banana-shaped.".split(" ") ;
	public Iterator<String> iterator(){
		return new Iterator<String>(){
			private int index = 0 ;
			public boolean hasNext(){
				return index < words.length ;
			}
			public String next(){
				return words[index++] ;
			}
			public void remove(){
				throw new UnsupportedOperationException() ;
			}
		};
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		for(String s : new IterableClass()){
			System.out.print(s + " ") ;
		}
	}
}

package org.fmz.holding ;

import java.util.* ;

public class EnvironmentVariables{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		for(Map.Entry entry : System.getenv().entrySet()){
			System.out.println(entry.getKey() + ": " + entry.getValue()) ;
		}
	}
}

import java.util.* ;

public class ArraysIsNotIterable{
	static <T> void test(Iterable<T> ib){
		for(T t : ib){
			System.out.print(t + " ") ;
		}
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		test(Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3)) ;
		String[] str = {"A", "B", "C"} ;
		//test(str); //数组不能装换为Iterable
		test(Arrays.asList(str)) ;//如果要复用代码，必须进行手动的转化
	}
}

package org.fmz.holding ;

import java.util.* ;

class ReversibleArrayList<T> extends ArrayList<T>{
	public ReversibleArrayList(Collection<T> c){
		super(c) ;
	}
	public Iterable<T> reversed(){
		return new Iterable<T>(){
			public Iterator<T> iterator(){
				return new Iterator<T>(){
					int current = size() - 1 ;//size()方法返回的是集合中元素的个数，比最后一个元素的索引数大1
					public boolean hasNext(){
						return current > -1 ;
					}
					public T next(){
						return get(current--) ;
					}
					public void remove(){
						throw new UnsupportedOperationException() ;
					}
				};
			}
		};
	}
}

public class AdapterMethodIdiom{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		ReversibleArrayList<String> ral = new ReversibleArrayList<String>(Arrays.asList("To be or not to be".split(" "))) ;
		for(String s : ral){
			System.out.print(s + " ") ;
		}
		System.out.println() ;

		for(String s : ral.reversed()){
			System.out.print(s + " ") ;
		}
	}
}/* Output:
	To be or not to be
	be to not or be To
*/

package org.fmz.holding ;

import java.util.* ;

public class MultiIterableClass extends IterableClass{
	public Iterable<String> reversed(){
		return new Iterable<String>(){
			public Iterator<String> iterator(){
				return new Iterator<String>(){
					int current = words.length - 1 ;
					public boolean hasNext(){
						return current > -1 ;
					}
					public String next(){
						return words[current--] ;
					}
					public void remove(){
						throw new UnsupportedOperationException() ;
					}
				};
			}
		};
	}

	public Iterable<String> randomized(){
		return new Iterable<String>(){
				public Iterator<String> iterator(){
				List<String> shuffled = new ArrayList<String>(Arrays.asList(words)) ;
				Collections.shuffle(shuffled, new Random(47)) ;
				return shuffled.iterator() ;
			}
		};
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		MultiIterableClass mic = new MultiIterableClass() ;
		for(String s : mic){
			System.out.print(s + " ") ;
		}
		System.out.println() ;
		for(String s : mic.reversed()){
			System.out.print(s + " ") ;
		}
		System.out.println() ;
		for(String s : mic.randomized()){
			System.out.print(s + " ") ;
		}
		System.out.println() ;
	}
}/* Output:
	And that is how we know the Earth to be banana-shaped.
	banana-shaped. be to Earth the know we how is that And
	is banana-shaped. Earth that how the be And we know to
*/

package org.fmz.holding ;

import java.util.* ;

public class ModifyingArraysAsList{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Random rand = new Random(47) ;
		Integer[] ia = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} ;
		List<Integer> list1 = new ArrayList<Integer>(Arrays.asList(ia)) ;
		System.out.println("Before Shuffling: " + list1) ;
		Collections.shuffle(list1, rand) ;
		System.out.println("After Shuffling: " + list1) ;
		System.out.println("array: " + Arrays.toString(ia)) ;

		List<Integer> list2 = Arrays.asList(ia) ;
		System.out.println("Before Shuffling: " + list2) ;
		Collections.shuffle(list2, rand) ;
		System.out.println("After Shuffling: " + list2) ;
		System.out.println("array: " + Arrays.toString(ia)) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	Before Shuffling: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
	After Shuffling: [4, 6, 3, 1, 8, 7, 2, 5, 10, 9]
	array: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
	Before Shuffling: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
	After Shuffling: [9, 1, 6, 3, 7, 2, 5, 10, 4, 8]
	array: [9, 1, 6, 3, 7, 2, 5, 10, 4, 8]
*/

package org.fmz.holding ;

import net.mindview.util.* ;

public class ContainerMethods{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		ContainerMethodDifferences.main(args) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	Collection: [add, addAll, clear, contains, containsAll, equals, forEach, hashCode, isEmpty, iterator, parallelStream, remove, removeAll, removeIf, retainAll, size, spliterator, stream, toArray]
	Interfaces in Collection: [Iterable]
	Set extends Collection, adds: []
	Interfaces in Set: [Collection]
	HashSet extends Set, adds: []
	Interfaces in HashSet: [Set, Cloneable, Serializable]
	LinkedHashSet extends HashSet, adds: []
	Interfaces in LinkedHashSet: [Set, Cloneable, Serializable]
	TreeSet extends Set, adds: [headSet, descendingIterator, descendingSet, pollLast, subSet, floor, tailSet, ceiling, last,
	 lower, comparator, pollFirst, first, higher]
	Interfaces in TreeSet: [NavigableSet, Cloneable, Serializable]
	List extends Collection, adds: [replaceAll, get, indexOf, subList, set, sort, lastIndexOf, listIterator]
	Interfaces in List: [Collection]
	ArrayList extends List, adds: [trimToSize, ensureCapacity]
	Interfaces in ArrayList: [List, RandomAccess, Cloneable, Serializable]
	LinkedList extends List, adds: [offerFirst, poll, getLast, offer, getFirst, removeFirst, element, removeLastOccurrence,
	peekFirst, peekLast, push, pollFirst, removeFirstOccurrence, descendingIterator, pollLast, removeLast, pop, addLast, pee
	k, offerLast, addFirst]
	Interfaces in LinkedList: [List, Deque, Cloneable, Serializable]
	Queue extends Collection, adds: [poll, peek, offer, element]
	Interfaces in Queue: [Collection]
	PriorityQueue extends Queue, adds: [comparator]
	Interfaces in PriorityQueue: [Serializable]
	Map: [clear, compute, computeIfAbsent, computeIfPresent, containsKey, containsValue, entrySet, equals, forEach, get, get
	OrDefault, hashCode, isEmpty, keySet, merge, put, putAll, putIfAbsent, remove, replace, replaceAll, size, values]
	HashMap extends Map, adds: []
	Interfaces in HashMap: [Map, Cloneable, Serializable]
	LinkedHashMap extends HashMap, adds: []
	Interfaces in LinkedHashMap: [Map]
	SortedMap extends Map, adds: [lastKey, subMap, comparator, firstKey, headMap, tailMap]
	Interfaces in SortedMap: [Map]
	TreeMap extends Map, adds: [descendingKeySet, navigableKeySet, higherEntry, higherKey, floorKey, subMap, ceilingKey, pol
	lLastEntry, firstKey, lowerKey, headMap, tailMap, lowerEntry, ceilingEntry, descendingMap, pollFirstEntry, lastKey, firs
	tEntry, floorEntry, comparator, lastEntry]
	Interfaces in TreeMap: [NavigableMap, Cloneable, Serializable]
*/

package org.fmz.exception ;

class SimpleException extends Exception{

}

public class InheritingException{
	public void f()throws SimpleException{
		System.out.println("Throw SimpleException from f()") ;
		throw new SimpleException() ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		InheritingException ie = new InheritingException() ;
		try{
			ie.f() ;
			}catch(SimpleException se){
				System.out.println("Catch it!") ;
			}
	}
}/* Output:
Throw SimpleException from f()
Catch it!
*/

package org.fmz.exception ;

class MyException extends Exception{
	public MyException(){}
	public MyException(String msg){
		super(msg) ;
	}
}

public class FullConstructors{
	public static void f() throws MyException{
		System.out.println("Throwing MyException from f()") ;
		throw new MyException() ;
	}
	
	public static void g() throws MyException{
		System.out.println("Throwing MyException from g()") ;
		throw new MyException("Originated in g()") ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		try{
			f() ;
		}catch(MyException me){
			me.printStackTrace(System.out) ;
		}
		try{
			g() ;
		}catch(MyException me){
			me.printStackTrace(System.out) ;
		}
	}
}/* Output:
Throwing MyException from f()
org.fmz.exception.MyException
	at org.fmz.exception.FullConstructors.f(FullConstructors.java:13)
	at org.fmz.exception.FullConstructors.main(FullConstructors.java:23)
Throwing MyException from g()
org.fmz.exception.MyException: Originated in g()
	at org.fmz.exception.FullConstructors.g(FullConstructors.java:18)
	at org.fmz.exception.FullConstructors.main(FullConstructors.java:28)
*/

package org.fmz.exception ;

import java.util.logging.* ;
import java.io.* ;

class LoggingException extends Exception{
	private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger("LoggeringException") ;
	public LoggingException(){
		StringWriter trace = new StringWriter() ;
		printStackTrace(new PrintWriter(trace)) ;
		logger.severe(trace.toString()) ;
	}
}

public class LoggingExceptions{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		try{
			throw new LoggingException() ;
		}catch(LoggingException e){
			System.err.println("Caught: " + e) ;
		}
	}
}/* Output:
十月 24, 2015 11:05:40 上午 org.fmz.exception.LoggingException <init>
严重: org.fmz.exception.LoggingException
	at org.fmz.exception.LoggingExceptions.main(LoggingExceptions.java:18)

Caught: org.fmz.exception.LoggingException
*/

package org.fmz.exception ;

import java.util.logging.* ;
import java.io.* ;

public class LoggingException2{
	private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger("LoggeringException2") ;
	static void logException(Exception e){
		StringWriter trace = new StringWriter() ;
		e.printStackTrace(new PrintWriter(trace)) ;
		logger.severe(trace.toString()) ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		try{
			throw new NullPointerException() ;
		}catch(NullPointerException e){
			logException(e) ;
		}
	}
}/* Output:
	十月 24, 2015 11:03:04 上午 org.fmz.exception.LoggingException2 logException
	严重: java.lang.NullPointerException
			at org.fmz.exception.LoggingException2.main(LoggingException2.java:16)

package org.fmz.exception ;

public class WhoCalled{
	static void f(){
		try{
			throw new Exception() ;
		}catch(Exception e){
			for(StackTraceElement ste : e.getStackTrace()){
				System.out.println(ste) ;
			}
		}
	}

	static void g(){f() ;}

	static void h(){g() ;}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		f() ;
		System.out.println("********************") ;
		g() ;
		System.out.println("********************") ;
		h() ;
		System.out.println("********************") ;
	}
}/* Output:
	********************
	org.fmz.exception.WhoCalled.f(WhoCalled.java:6)
	org.fmz.exception.WhoCalled.g(WhoCalled.java:14)
	org.fmz.exception.WhoCalled.main(WhoCalled.java:21)
	********************
	org.fmz.exception.WhoCalled.f(WhoCalled.java:6)
	org.fmz.exception.WhoCalled.g(WhoCalled.java:14)
	org.fmz.exception.WhoCalled.h(WhoCalled.java:16)
	org.fmz.exception.WhoCalled.main(WhoCalled.java:23)
	********************
*/

if(t == null){
	throw  new NullPointerException() ;
}

package org.fmz.exception ;

class ThreeException extends Exception{
}

public class FinalWorks{
	static int count = 0 ;
	public static void main(String args[]){
		while(true){
			try{
				if(count++ == 0){
					throw new ThreeException() ;
				}
				System.out.println("No Exception") ;
			}catch(ThreeException e){
				System.out.println("ThreeException") ;
			}finally{
				System.out.println("In Finally Case") ;
				if(count == 2)
					break ;
			}
		}
	}
}/* Output:
	ThreeException
	In Finally Case
	No Exception
	In Finally Case
*/

package org.fmz.exception ;

class Switch{
	private boolean state = false ;
	public boolean read(){
		return state ;
	}
	public void on(){
		state = true ;
		System.out.println(this) ;
	}
	public void off(){
		state = false ;
		System.out.println(this) ;
	}
	public String toString(){
		return state ? "on" : "off" ;
	}
}

class OnOffException1 extends Exception{
}

class OnOffException2 extends Exception{
}

public class OnOffSwitch{
	private static  Swith s = new Switch() ;
	public static void f() throws OnOffException1, OnOffException2{
	
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		try{
			s.on() ;
			f() ;
			s.off() ;
		}catch(OnOffException1 e){
			System.out.println("OnOffException1") ;
			s.off() ;
		}catch(OnOffException2 e){
			System.out.println("OnOffException2") ;
			s.off() ;
		}
	}
}

package org.fmz.exception ;

public class WithFinally{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		try{
			s.on() ;
			f() ;
			s.off() ;
		}catch(OnOffException1 e){
			System.out.println("OnOffException1") ;
		}catch(OnOffException2 e){
			System.out.println("OnOffException2") ;
		}finally{
			s.off() ;
		}
	}
}

package org.fmz.exception ;

public class MultipleReturns{
	public static void f(int i){
		System.out.println("Initialization that requires cleanup") ;
		try{
			System.out.println("Point 1") ;
			if( i == 1){
				return ;
			}
			System.out.println("Point 2") ;
			if( i == 2){
				return ;
			}
			System.out.println("Point 3") ;
			if( i == 3){
				return ;
			}
			System.out.println("End") ;
			return ;
		}finally{
			System.out.println("Performing clearup") ;
		}
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		for(int i=1;i<=4;i++){
			f(i) ;
			System.out.println("******************") ;
		}
	}
}/* Output:
	Initialization that requires cleanup
	Point 1
	Performing clearup
	******************
	Initialization that requires cleanup
	Point 1
	Point 2
	Performing clearup
	******************
	Initialization that requires cleanup
	Point 1
	Point 2
	Point 3
	Performing clearup
	******************
	Initialization that requires cleanup
	Point 1
	Point 2
	Point 3
	End
	Performing clearup
	******************
*/

package org.fmz.exception ;

public class CleanUp{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		try{
			InputFile in = new InputFile("CleanUp.java") ;
			try{
				String s ;
				int i = 1 ;
				while((s = in.getLine()) != null){
					;
				}catch(Exception e){
					System.out.println("Caught Exception in main") ;
					e.printStackTrace(System.out) ;
				}finally{
					in.dispose() ;
				}
			}
		}catch(Exception e){
			System.out.println("InputFile Constructor failed") ;
		}
	}
}

package org.fmz.string ;

public class Immutable{
	public static String upcase(String s){
		return s.toUpperCase() ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		String q = "fengmengzhao" ;
		System.out.println(q) ;
		String qq = upcase(q) ;//传递的只是一个引用
		System.out.println(qq) ;
		System.out.println(q) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	fengmengzhao
	FENGMENGZHAO
	fengmengzhao
*/

package org.fmz.string ;

public class WhitherStringBuilder{
	public static  String implicit(String[] fields){
		String result = "" ;
		for(int i=0;i<fields.length;i++){
			result += fields[i] ;
		}
		return result ;
	}
	public static  String explicit(String[] fields){
		StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder() ;
		for(int i=0;i<fields.length;i++){
			result.append(fields[i]) ;
		}
		return result.toString() ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		String[] str = {"a", "b", "c", "d"} ;
		System.out.println(implicit(str)) ;
		System.out.println(explicit(str)) ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.string ;

import java.util.* ;

public class UsingStringBuilder{
	public static Random rand = new Random(47) ;
	public String toString(){
		StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder("[") ;
		for(int i=0;i<25;i++){
			result.append(rand.nextInt(100)) ;
			result.append(", ") ;
		}
		result.delete(result.length() - 2, result.length()) ;
		result.append("]") ;
		return result.toString() ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		UsingStringBuilder usb = new UsingStringBuilder() ;
		System.out.println(usb) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	[58, 55, 93, 61, 61, 29, 68, 0, 22, 7, 88, 28, 51, 89, 9, 78, 98, 61, 20, 58, 16, 40, 11, 22, 4]
*/

package org.fmz.string ;

import java.util.* ;

public class InfiniteRecursion{
	public String toString(){
		//return "InfiniteRecursion Address" + this ;//发生了递归调用
		return super.toString() ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		List<InfiniteRecursion> v = new ArrayList<InfiniteRecursion>() ;
		for(int i=0;i<10;i++){
			v.add(new InfiniteRecursion()) ;
		}
		System.out.println(v) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	[org.fmz.string.InfiniteRecursion@659e0bfd, org.fmz.string.InfiniteRecursion@2a139a55, org.fmz.string.InfiniteRecursion@
	15db9742, org.fmz.string.InfiniteRecursion@6d06d69c, org.fmz.string.InfiniteRecursion@7852e922, org.fmz.string.InfiniteR
	ecursion@4e25154f, org.fmz.string.InfiniteRecursion@70dea4e, org.fmz.string.InfiniteRecursion@5c647e05, org.fmz.string.I
	nfiniteRecursion@33909752, org.fmz.string.InfiniteRecursion@55f96302]
*/

package org.fmz.string ;

import java.io.* ;
import java.util.* ;

public class Turtle{
	private String name ;
	private Formatter f ;
	public Turtle(String name,Formatter f){
		this.name = name ;
		this.f = f ;
	}
	public void move(int x, int y){
		f.format("%s The Turtle is at (%d, %d)\n", name, x, y) ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		PrintStream outAlias = System.out ;
		Turtle tommy = new Turtle("Tommy", new Formatter(System.out)) ;
		Turtle terry = new Turtle("Terry", new Formatter(outAlias)) ;
		tommy.move(0, 0) ;
		tommy.move(1, 2) ;
		tommy.move(3, 4) ;
		terry.move(5, 6) ;
		terry.move(7, 8) ;
		terry.move(9, 10) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	Tommy The Turtle is at (0, 0)
	Tommy The Turtle is at (1, 2)
	Tommy The Turtle is at (3, 4)
	Terry The Turtle is at (5, 6)
	Terry The Turtle is at (7, 8)
	Terry The Turtle is at (9, 10)
*/

package org.fmz.string ;

import java.util.* ;

public class Receipt{
	private double total = 0 ;
	private Formatter f = new Formatter(System.out) ;
	public void printTitle(){
		f.format("%-25s %5s %10s\n", "Item", "Qty", "Price") ;
		f.format("%-25s %5s %10s\n", "----", "---", "-----") ;
	}
	public void print(String name, int qty, double price){
		f.format("%-25s %5s %10.2f\n", name, qty, price) ;
		total += price ;
	}

	public void printTotal(){
		f.format("%-25s %5s %10.2f\n", "Tax", "", total*0.06) ;
		f.format("%-25s %5s %10s\n", "", "", "-----") ;
		f.format("%-25s %5s %10.2f\n", "Total", "", total*1.06) ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		Receipt receipt = new Receipt() ;
		receipt.printTitle() ;
		receipt.print("Jack's Magic Beans", 4, 4.25) ;
		receipt.print("Princess Peas", 3, 5.1) ;
		receipt.print("Three Bears Porridge", 1, 14.29) ;
		receipt.printTotal() ;
	}
}/* Output:
	Item                        Qty      Price
	----                        ---      -----
	Jack's Magic Beans            4       4.25
	Princess Peas                 3       5.10
	Three Bears Porridge          1      14.29
	Tax                                   1.42
					     -----
	Total                                25.06
*/

d	整数型		c	Unicode字符
b	Boolean值	s	String
f	浮点数		e	浮点数(科学计数)
x	整数(十六进制)	h	散列码(十六进制)
%	字符"%"

package org.fmz.string ;

import java.util.* ;

public class Splitting{
	public static String knights = "Then, when you have found the shrubbery, you must cut down the mightiest tree in the forest... with... a herring!" ;
	public static void split(String regx){
		System.out.println(Arrays.toString(knights.split(regx))) ;
	}
	public static void main(String args[]){
		split(" ") ;
		split("\\W+") ;//Non-word Character
		split("n\\W+") ;//"n" followed by Non-word Charcter
	}
}/*
	[Then,, when, you, have, found, the, shrubbery,, you, must, cut, down, the, mightiest, tree, in, the, forest..., with...
	, a, herring!]
	[Then, when, you, have, found, the, shrubbery, you, must, cut, down, the, mightiest, tree, in, the, forest, with, a, her
	ring]
	[The, whe, you have found the shrubbery, you must cut dow, the mightiest tree i, the forest... with... a herring!]
*/

package org.fmz.string ;

public class Replacing{
	static String s = Splitting.knights ;
	public static void main(String args[]){
		System.out.println(s) ;
		System.out.println(s.replaceFirst("f\\w", "located")) ;
		System.out.println(s.replaceAll("shrubbery|tree|herring", "banana")) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	Then, when you have found the shrubbery, you must cut down the mightiest tree in the forest... with... a herring!
	Then, when you have locatedund the shrubbery, you must cut down the mightiest tree in the forest... with... a herring!
	Then, when you have found the banana, you must cut down the mightiest banana in the forest... with... a banana!
*/

x?	一个或者零个x
x*	零个或者多个x
x+	一个或者多个x
x{n}	恰好n个x
x{n,}	至少n个x
x{n,m}	至少n个x，但是不超过m个

package org.fmz.string ;

import java.util.regex.* ;

public class TestRegularException{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		if(args.length < 2){
			System.out.println("Usage:\njava org.fmz.string.TestRegularException characterSequence regularExpression") ;
			System.exit(0) ;
		}
		System.out.println("Input: \"" + args[0] + "\"") ;
		for(String arg : args){
			System.out.println("Regular expression: \"" + arg + "\"") ;
			Pattern p = Pattern.compile(arg) ;
			Matcher m = p.matcher(args[0]) ;
			while(m.find()){
				System.out.println("Match \"" + m.group() + "\" at positions: " + m.start() + "-" + (m.end() - 1)) ;
			}
		}
	}
}/* Output:
	Input: "abcabcabcdefabc"
	Regular expression: "abcabcabcdefabc"
	Match "abcabcabcdefabc" at positions: 0-14
	Regular expression: "abc+"
	Match "abc" at positions: 0-2
	Match "abc" at positions: 3-5
	Match "abc" at positions: 6-8
	Match "abc" at positions: 12-14
	Regular expression: "(abc)+"
	Match "abcabcabc" at positions: 0-8
	Match "abc" at positions: 12-14
	Regular expression: "(abc){2,}"
	Match "abcabcabc" at positions: 0-8
*/

package org.fmz.string ;

import java.util.regex.* ;

public class Finding{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Matcher m = Pattern.compile("\\w+").matcher("Everything is full of the linnet's wings") ;
		while(m.find()){
			System.out.print(m.group() + " ") ;
		}
		System.out.println() ;
		int i = 0 ;
		while(m.find(i)){
			System.out.print(m.group() + " ") ;
			i ++ ;
		}
	}
}/* Output:
	Everything is full of the linnet s wings
	Everything verything erything rything ything thing hing ing ng g is is s full full ull ll l of of f the the he e linnet
	linnet innet nnet net et t s s wings wings ings ngs gs s
*/

package org.fmz.string ;

import java.util.regex.* ;

public class Groups{
	public static final String POEM = 
		"Twas brilling, and the slithy toves\n"+
		"Did gyre and gimble in the borogoves,\n" ;
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Matcher m = Pattern.compile("(?m)(\\S+)\\s+((\\S+)\\s+(\\S+))$").matcher(POEM) ;
		while(m.find()){
			for(int i=0;i<=m.groupCount();i++){
				System.out.print("[" + m.group(i) + " " + m.groupCount() +"]") ;
			}
		System.out.println() ;
		}
	}
}/* Output:
	[the slithy toves 4][the 4][slithy toves 4][slithy 4][toves 4]
	[in the borogoves, 4][in 4][the borogoves, 4][the 4][borogoves, 4]
*/

package org.fmz.string ;

import java.util.* ;
import java.util.regex.* ;

public class SplitDemo{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		String input = "This!!unusual use!!of exclamation!!points" ;
		System.out.println(Arrays.toString(Pattern.compile("!!").split(input))) ;
		System.out.println(Arrays.toString(Pattern.compile("!!").split(input, 3))) ;//仅仅用于前三个split
		System.out.println(Arrays.toString(input.split("!!"))) ;
		System.out.println(Arrays.toString(input.split("!!", 3))) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	[This, unusual use, of exclamation, points]
	[This, unusual use, of exclamation!!points]
	[This, unusual use, of exclamation, points]
	[This, unusual use, of exclamation!!points]
*/

package org.fmz.string ;

import java.io.* ;

public class SimpleRead{
	public static BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader(new StringReader("Sir Robin of Camelot\n22 1.61803")) ;
	public static void main(String args[]){
		try{
			System.out.println("What's your name?") ;
			String name = input.readLine() ;
			System.out.println(name) ;
			System.out.println("How old are you? What is your favorite double?") ;
			System.out.println("(input: <age> <double>)") ;
			String numbers = input.readLine() ;
			System.out.println(numbers) ;
			String[] numberArray = numbers.split(" ") ;
			int age = Integer.parseInt(numberArray[0]) ;
			double favorite = Double.parseDouble(numberArray[1]) ;
			System.out.format("Hi %s.\n", name) ;
			System.out.format("In 5 years you will be %d.\n", age+5) ;
			System.out.format("My favorite double is %f.", favorite/2) ;
		}catch(IOException e){
			System.err.println("I/O exception") ;
		}
	}
}

package org.fmz.string ;

import java.util.* ;

public class BetterRead{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Scanner scanner = new Scanner(SimpleRead.input) ;
		System.out.println("What's your name?") ;
		String name = scanner.nextLine() ;
		System.out.println(name) ;
		System.out.println("How old are you? What is your favorite double?") ;
		System.out.println("(input: <age> <double>)") ;
		int age = scanner.nextInt() ;
		double favorite = scanner.nextDouble() ;
		System.out.format("Hi %s.\n", name) ;
		System.out.format("In 5 years you will be %d.\n", age+5) ;
		System.out.format("My favorite double is %f.", favorite/2) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	What's your name?
	Sir Robin of Camelot
	How old are you? What is your favorite double?
	(input: <age> <double>)
	Hi Sir Robin of Camelot.
	In 5 years you will be 27.
	My favorite double is 0.809015.
*/ >Scanner构造器可以接收任何类型的输入对象，包括File对象、InputStream、String或者此例子中的Readable对象(javaSE5中新增加的一个对象，表示具有某种read()方法的东西)。

package org.fmz.string ;

import java.util.* ;

public class ScannerDelimiter{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Scanner scanner = new Scanner(" 13, 14, 18, 9, 44") ;
		scanner.useDelimiter("\\s*,\\s*") ;
		while(scanner.hasNext()){
			System.out.println(scanner.next()) ;
		}
		System.out.println("****************") ;
		scanner = new Scanner("13, 14, 18, 9, 44") ;
		//scanner.useDelimiter("\\s*,\\s*") ;
		while(scanner.hasNext()){
			System.out.println(scanner.next()) ;
		}
		System.out.println("****************") ;
		scanner = new Scanner("13, 14, 18, 9, 44") ;
		scanner.useDelimiter("\\s*,\\s*") ;
		while(scanner.hasNextInt()){
			System.out.println(scanner.nextInt()) ;
		}
		System.out.println("****************") ;
		scanner = new Scanner("13, 14, 18, 9, 44") ;
		scanner.useDelimiter("\\s*,\\s*") ;
		while(scanner.hasNext()){
			System.out.println(scanner.next()) ;
		}
	}
	}/* Output:
	 13
	14
	18
	9
	44
	****************
	13,
	14,
	18,
	9,
	44
	****************
	13
	14
	18
	9
	44
	****************
	13
	14
	18
	9
	44
*/

package org.fmz.string ;

import java.util.* ;
import java.util.regex.* ;

public class ThreatAnalyzer{
	static String threatData = 
		"58.27.82.161@2015/10/21\n"+
		"23.27.82.161@2013/08/25\n"+
		"345.27.82.161@2012/10/25\n"+
		"22.27.82.161@2015/07/25\n"+
		"12.27.82.161@2011/10/22\n"+
		"[Next log selection with different data format]" ;

	public static void main(String args[]){
		Scanner scanner = new Scanner(threatData) ;
		String pattern = "(\\d+[.]\\d+[.]\\d+[.]+\\d+)@(\\d{4}/\\d{2}/\\d{2})" ;
		while(scanner.hasNext(pattern)){
			scanner.next(pattern) ;
			MatchResult mr = scanner.match() ;
			String ip = mr.group(1) ;
			String data = mr.group(2) ;
			System.out.format("Threats on %s from %s\n",data, ip) ;
		}
	}
}/* Output:
	Threats on 2015/10/21 from 58.27.82.161
	Threats on 2013/08/25 from 23.27.82.161
	Threats on 2012/10/25 from 345.27.82.161
	Threats on 2015/07/25 from 22.27.82.161
	Threats on 2011/10/22 from 12.27.82.161
*/

package org.fmz.typeinfo ;

import java.util.* ;

abstract class Shape{
	void draw(){
		System.out.println(this + ".draw()") ;
	}
	abstract public String toString();//定义为抽象方法，可以强制继承者覆写该方法，并且可以防止对无格式的Shape的实例化(有抽象方法的类变成了抽象类)
}

class Circle extends Shape{
	public String toString(){
		return "Circle" ;
	}
}

class Square extends Shape{
	public String toString(){
		return "Square" ;
	}
}

class Triangle extends Shape{
	public String toString(){
		return "Triangle" ;
	}
}

public class Shapes {
	public static void main(String args[]){
		List<Shape> shapes = Arrays.asList(new Circle(), new Square(), new Triangle()) ;
		for(Shape shape : shapes){
			shape.draw() ;
		}
	}
}/* Output:
Circle.draw()
Square.draw()
Triangle.draw()
*/

package org.fmz.typeinfo ;

class Candy{
	static{
		System.out.println("Loading Candy") ;
	}
}

class Cookie{
	static{
		System.out.println("Loading Cookie") ;
	}
}

public class SweetShop{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		System.out.println("inside main") ;
		new Candy() ;
		System.out.println("After creating Candy") ;
		try{
			Class.forName("org.fmz.typeinfo.Gum") ;//此处必须说明具体的包和类(能从path路径上搜索到)
		}catch(ClassNotFoundException e){
			System.out.println("Couldn't find Gum") ;
		}
		System.out.println("After Class.forName()(\"Gum\")") ;
		new Cookie() ;
		System.out.println("After creating Cookie") ;
	}
}/* Output:
	inside main
	Loading Candy
	After creating Candy
	Loading Gum
	After Class.forName()("Gum")
	Loading Cookie
	After creating Cookie
*/

package org.fmz.typeinfo ;

class Candy{
	static{
		System.out.println("Loading Candy") ;
	}
}

class Cookie{
	static{
		System.out.println("Loading Cookie") ;
	}
}

public class SweetShop{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		System.out.println("inside main") ;
		new Candy() ;
		System.out.println("After creating Candy") ;
		new Gum() ;
		System.out.println("After creating Gum") ;
		//如果Gum类已经加载过了，则不会执行以下代码
		try{
			Class.forName("org.fmz.typeinfo.Gum") ;//此处必须说明具体的包和类(能从path路径上搜索到)
		}catch(ClassNotFoundException e){
			System.out.println("Couldn't find Gum") ;
		}
		System.out.println("After Class.forName()(\"Gum\")") ;
		new Cookie() ;
		System.out.println("After creating Cookie") ;
	}
}/* Output:
	inside main
	Loading Candy
	After creating Candy
	Loading Gum
	After creating Gum
	After Class.forName()("Gum")
	Loading Cookie
	After creating Cookie
*/

package org.fmz.typeinfo ;

interface HasBatteries{}

interface Waterproof{}

interface  Shoots{}

class Toy{
	Toy(){}
	Toy(int i){}
}

class FancyToy extends Toy implements HasBatteries, Waterproof, Shoots{
	FancyToy(){
		super(1) ;
	}
}

public class ToyTest{
	static void printInfo(Class cc){
		System.out.println("Class name: " + cc.getName() +
			" is Interface? [" + cc.isInterface() + "]") ;
		System.out.println("Simple name: " + cc.getSimpleName()) ;
		System.out.println("Canonical name: " + cc.getCanonicalName()) ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		Class c = null ;
		try{
			c = Class.forName("org.fmz.typeinfo.FancyToy") ;
		}catch(ClassNotFoundException e){
			System.out.println("Can't find FancyToy") ;
			System.exit(1) ;
		}
		printInfo(c) ;
		for(Class face : c.getInterfaces()){
			printInfo(face) ;
		}
		Class up = c.getSuperclass() ;
		Object obj = null ;
		try{
			obj = up.newInstance() ;
		}catch(InstantiationException e){
			System.out.println("Cannot instantiate") ;
			System.exit(1) ;
		}catch(IllegalAccessException e){
			System.out.println("Cannot access") ;
			System.exit(1) ;
		}
		printInfo(obj.getClass()) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	Class name: org.fmz.typeinfo.FancyToy is Interface? [false]
	Simple name: FancyToy
	Canonical name: org.fmz.typeinfo.FancyToy
	Class name: org.fmz.typeinfo.HasBatteries is Interface? [true]
	Simple name: HasBatteries
	Canonical name: org.fmz.typeinfo.HasBatteries
	Class name: org.fmz.typeinfo.Waterproof is Interface? [true]
	Simple name: Waterproof
	Canonical name: org.fmz.typeinfo.Waterproof
	Class name: org.fmz.typeinfo.Shoots is Interface? [true]
	Simple name: Shoots
	Canonical name: org.fmz.typeinfo.Shoots
	Class name: org.fmz.typeinfo.Toy is Interface? [false]
	Simple name: Toy
	Canonical name: org.fmz.typeinfo.Toy
*/

package org.fmz.typeinfo ;

import java.util.* ;

class Initable{
	static final int staticFinal = 47 ;
	static final int staticFinal2 = ClassInitialization.rand.nextInt(1000) ;
	static{
		System.out.println("Initializing Initable") ;
	}
}

class Initable2{
	static int staticNoFinal = 147 ;
	static{
		System.out.println("Initializing Initable2") ;
	}
}

class Initable3{
	static int staticNoFinal = 74 ;
	static{
		System.out.println("Initializing Initable3") ;
	}
}

public class ClassInitialization{
	public static Random rand = new Random(47) ;
	public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
		System.out.println("******\\*.class进行加载******") ;
		Class initable = Initable.class ;
		System.out.println("After creating Initable ref") ;
		System.out.println("******对static-final常量进行访问******") ;
		System.out.println(Initable.staticFinal) ;
		System.out.println("******对static-final，但是非常量记性访问******") ;
		System.out.println(Initable.staticFinal2) ;
		System.out.println("******对static，但是非final常量访问******") ;
		System.out.println(Initable2.staticNoFinal) ;
		System.out.println("******Class.forName()进行加载******") ;
		Class initable3 = Class.forName("org.fmz.typeinfo.Initable3") ;
		System.out.println("******对static，但是非final常量访问******") ;
		System.out.println("After creating Initable3 ref") ;
		System.out.println(Initable3.staticNoFinal) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	******\*.class进行加载******
	After creating Initable ref
	******对static-final常量进行访问******
	47
	******对static-final，但是非常量记性访问******
	Initializing Initable
	258
	******对static，但是非final常量访问******
	Initializing Initable2
	147
	******Class.forName()进行加载******
	Initializing Initable3
	******对static，但是非final常量访问******
	After creating Initable3 ref
	74
*/

package org.fmz.typeinfo ;

public class GenericClassReferences{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Class intClass = int.class ;
		Class<Integer> genericIntClass = int.class ;
		genericIntClass = Integer.class ;
		intClass = double.class;
		genericIntClass = double.class ;
	}
}/* Output:
GenericClassReferences.java:9: 错误: 不兼容的类型: Class<Double>无法转换为Class<Integer>
		genericIntClass = double.class ;
					^
1 个错误
*/

package org.fmz.typeinfo ;

public class WildcardClassReferences{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Class<?> intClass = int.class;
		intClass = double.class;
	}
}

package org.fmz.typeinfo ;

public class BoundedClassReferences{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Class<? extends Number> bounded = int.class;
		bounded = double.class;
		bounded = Number.class;
		//Or everything else derived form Number
	}
}

package org.fmz.typeinfo ;

import java.util.* ;

class CountedInteger{
	private static long counter ;
	private final long id = counter++ ;
	public String toString(){
		return Long.toString(id) ;
	}
}

public class FilledList<T>{
	private Class<T> type ;
	public FilledList(Class<T> type){
		this.type = type ;
	}
	public List<T> create(int nElements){
		List<T> result = new ArrayList<T>() ;
		try{
			for(int i=0;i<nElements;i++){
				result.add(type.newInstance()) ;
			}
		}catch(Exception e){
			throw new RuntimeException() ;
		}
		return result ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		FilledList<CountedInteger> fl = new FilledList<CountedInteger>(CountedInteger.class) ;
		System.out.println(fl.create(15)) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]
*/

package org.fmz.typeinfo.pets;

public class Individual implements Comparable<Individual> {
  private static long counter = 0;
  private final long id = counter++;
  private String name;
  public Individual(String name) { this.name = name; }
  // 'name' is optional:
  public Individual() {}
  public String toString() {
    return getClass().getSimpleName() +
      (name == null ? "" : " " + name);
  }
  public long id() { return id; }
  public boolean equals(Object o) {
    return o instanceof Individual &&
      id == ((Individual)o).id;
  }
  public int hashCode() {
    int result = 17;
    if(name != null)
      result = 37 * result + name.hashCode();
    result = 37 * result + (int)id;
    return result;
  }
  public int compareTo(Individual arg) {
    // Compare by class name first:
    String first = getClass().getSimpleName();
    String argFirst = arg.getClass().getSimpleName();
    int firstCompare = first.compareTo(argFirst);
    if(firstCompare != 0)
    return firstCompare;
    if(name != null && arg.name != null) {
      int secondCompare = name.compareTo(arg.name);
      if(secondCompare != 0)
	return secondCompare;
    }
    return (arg.id < id ? -1 : (arg.id == id ? 0 : 1));
  }
} ///:~

package org.fmz.typeinfo.pets ;

public class Person extends Individual{
	public Person(String name){
		super(name) ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.typeinfo.pets ;

public class Pet extends Individual{
	public Pet(String name){
		super(name) ;
	}
	public Pet(){
		super() ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.typeinfo.pets ;

public class Dog extends Pet{
	public Dog(String name){
		super(name) ;
	}
	public Dog(){
		super() ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.typeinfo.pets ;

public class Mutt extends Dog{
	public Mutt(String name){
		super(name) ;
	}
	public Mutt(){
		super() ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.typeinfo.pets ;

public class Pug extends Dog{
	public Pug(String name){
		super(name) ;
	}
	public Pug(){
		super() ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.typeinfo.pets ;

public class Cat extends Pet{
	public Cat(String name){
		super(name) ;
	}
	public Cat(){
		super() ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.typeinfo.pets ;

public class EgyptianMau extends Cat{
	public EgyptianMau(String name){
		super(name) ;
	}
	public EgyptianMau(){
		super() ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.typeinfo.pets ;

public class Manx extends Cat{
	public Manx(String name){
		super(name) ;
	}
	public Manx(){
		super() ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.typeinfo.pets ;

public class Cymric extends Manx{
	public Cymric(String name){
		super(name) ;
	}
	public Cymric(){
		super() ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.typeinfo.pets ;

public class Rodent extends Pet{
	public Rodent(String name){
		super(name) ;
	}
	public Rodent(){
		super() ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.typeinfo.pets ;

public class Rat extends Rodent{
	public Rat(String name){
		super(name) ;
	}
	public Rat(){
		super() ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.typeinfo.pets ;

public class Mouse extends Rodent{
	public Mouse(String name){
		super(name) ;
	}
	public Mouse(){
		super() ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.typeinfo.pets ;

public class Hamster extends Rodent{
	public Hamster(String name){
		super(name) ;
	}
	public Hamster(){
		super() ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.typeinfo.pets ;

import java.util.* ;

public abstract class PetCreator{
	private Random rand = new Random(47) ;
	public abstract List<Class<? extends Pet>> types() ;
	public Pet randomPet(){
		int n = rand.nextInt(types().size()) ;
		try{
			return types().get(n).newInstance() ;
		}catch(InstantiationException e){
			throw new RuntimeException(e) ;
		}catch(IllegalAccessException e){
			throw new RuntimeException(e) ;
		}
	}

	public Pet[] createArray(int size){
		Pet[] result = new Pet[size] ;
		for(int i=0;i<size;i++){
			result[i] = randomPet() ;
		}
		return result ;
	}

	public ArrayList<Pet> arrayList(int size){
		ArrayList<Pet> result = new ArrayList<Pet>() ;
		Collections.addAll(result, createArray(size)) ;
		return result ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.typeinfo.pets ;

import java.util.* ;

public class ForNameCreator extends PetCreator{
	private static List<Class<? extends Pet>> types = new ArrayList<Class<? extends Pet>>() ;
	private static String[] typenames = {
		"org.fmz.typeinfo.pets.Mutt",
		"org.fmz.typeinfo.pets.Pug",
		"org.fmz.typeinfo.pets.EgyptianMau",
		"org.fmz.typeinfo.pets.Manx",
		"org.fmz.typeinfo.pets.Cymric",
		"org.fmz.typeinfo.pets.Rat",
		"org.fmz.typeinfo.pets.Mouse",
		"org.fmz.typeinfo.pets.Hamster",
	} ;
	@SuppressWarnings("unckecked")
	private static void loader(){
		try{
			for(String name : typenames){
				types.add(
					(Class<? extends Pet>)Class.forName(name)) ;
			}
		}catch(ClassNotFoundException e){
			throw new RuntimeException(e) ;
		}
	}

	static {
		loader() ;
	}

	public List<Class<? extends Pet>> types(){
		return types ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.typeinfo.pets ;

import java.util.* ;

public class PetCount{
	static class PetCounter extends HashMap<String, Integer>{
		public void count(String type){
			Integer quantity = get(type) ;
			if(quantity == null){
				put(type, 1) ;
			}else{
				put(type, quantity + 1) ;
			}
		}
	}

	public static void countPets(PetCreator creator){
		PetCounter counter = new PetCounter() ;
		for(Pet pet : creator.createArray(20)){
			System.out.print(pet.getClass().getSimpleName() + " ") ;
			if(pet instanceof Pet){
				counter.count("Pet") ;
			}
			if(pet instanceof Dog){
				counter.count("Dog") ;
			}
			if(pet instanceof Mutt){
				counter.count("Mutt") ;
			}
			if(pet instanceof Pug){
				counter.count("Pug") ;
			}
			if(pet instanceof Cat){
				counter.count("Cat") ;
			}
			if(pet instanceof Manx){
				counter.count("Manx") ;
			}
			if(pet instanceof Cymric){
				counter.count("Cymric") ;
			}
			if(pet instanceof Rodent){
				counter.count("Rodent") ;
			}
			if(pet instanceof Rat){
				counter.count("Rat") ;
			}
			if(pet instanceof Mouse){
				counter.count("Mouse") ;
			}
			if(pet instanceof Hamster){
				counter.count("Hamster") ;
			}
		}
		System.out.println() ;
		System.out.println(counter) ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		countPets(new ForNameCreator()) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	Rat Manx Cymric Mutt Pug Cymric Pug Manx Cymric Rat EgyptianMau Hamster EgyptianMau Mutt Mutt Cymric Mouse Pug Mouse Cym
	ric
	{Pug=3, Rat=2, Cymric=5, Mouse=2, Cat=9, Manx=7, Rodent=5, Mutt=3, Dog=6, Pet=20, Hamster=1}
*/

package org.fmz.generics ;

class Automobile{

}

public class Holder1{
	private Automobile a ;
	public Holder1(Automobile a){
		this.a = a ;
	}
	Automobile get(){
		return a ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.generics ;

public class Holder2{
	private Object a ;
	public Holder2(Object a){
		this.a = a ;
	}
	public void set(Object a){
		this.a = a ;
	}
	public Object get(){
		return a ;
	}
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Holder2 h2 = new Holder2(new Automobile()) ;
		Automobile a = (Automobile)h2.get() ;
		h2.set("Not an Automobile") ;
		String s = (String)h2.get() ;
		h2.set(1) ;
		Integer x = (Integer)h2.get() ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.generics ;

public class Holder3<T>{
	private T a ;
	public Holder3(T a){
		this.a = a ;
	}
	public void set(T a){
		this.a = a ;
	}
	public T get(){
		return a ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		Holder3<Automobile> h3 = new Holder3<Automobile>(new Automobile()) ;
		Automobile a = h3.get() ;
		//h3.set("Not a Automobile") ;//can not compile
	}
}

package org.fmz.generics ;

public class TwoTuple<A, B>{
	public final A first ;
	public final B second ;
	public TwoTuple(A a, B b){
		first = a ;
		second = b ;
	}
	public String toString(){
		return "(" + first + ", " + second + ")" ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.generics ;

public class ThreeTuple<A, B, C> extends TwoTuple<A, B>{
	public final C third ;
	public ThreeTuple(A a, B b, C c){
		super(a, b) ;
		third = c ;
	}
	public String toString(){
		return "(" + first + ", " + second + ", " + third + ")" ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.generics ;

public class FourTuple<A, B, C, D> extends ThreeTuple<A, B, C>{
	public final D fourth ;
	public FourTuple(A a, B b, C c, D d){
		super(a, b, c) ;
		fourth = d ;
	}
	public String toString(){
		return "(" + first + ", " + second + ", " + third + ", " + fourth + ")" ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.generics ;

public class FiveTuple<A, B, C, D, E> extends FourTuple<A, B, C, D>{
	public final E fifth ;
	public FiveTuple(A a, B b, C c, D d, E e){
		super(a, b, c, d) ;
		fifth = e ;
	}
	public String toString(){
		return "(" + first + ", " + second + ", " + third + ", " + fourth + ", " + fifth + ")" ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.generics ;

class Amphibian{
}

class Vehicle{
}

public class TupleTest{
	static TwoTuple<String, Integer> f(){
		return new TwoTuple<String, Integer>("hi", 47) ;
	}
	static ThreeTuple<Amphibian, String, Integer> g(){
		return new ThreeTuple<Amphibian, String, Integer>(new Amphibian(), "hi", 47) ;
	}
	static FourTuple<Vehicle, Amphibian, String, Integer> h(){
		return new FourTuple<Vehicle, Amphibian, String, Integer>(new Vehicle(), new Amphibian(), "hi", 47) ;
	}
	static FiveTuple<Vehicle, Amphibian, String, Integer, Double> k(){
		return new FiveTuple<Vehicle, Amphibian, String, Integer, Double>(new Vehicle(), new Amphibian(), "hi", 47, 11.1) ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		TwoTuple<String, Integer> ttsi = f() ;
		System.out.println(ttsi) ;
		System.out.println(g()) ;
		System.out.println(h()) ;
		System.out.println(k()) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	(hi, 47)
	(org.fmz.generics.Amphibian@659e0bfd, hi, 47)
	(org.fmz.generics.Vehicle@2a139a55, org.fmz.generics.Amphibian@15db9742, hi, 47)
	(org.fmz.generics.Vehicle@6d06d69c, org.fmz.generics.Amphibian@7852e922, hi, 47, 11.1)
*/

package org.fmz.generics ;

public class LinkedStack<T>{
	private static class Node<U>{
		U item ;
		Node<U> next ;
		Node(){
			item = null ;
			next = null ;
		}
		Node(U item, Node<U> next){
			this.item = item ;
			this.next = next ;
		}
		boolean end(){
			return item == null && next == null ;
		}
	}
	private Node<T> top = new Node<T>() ;
	public void push(T item){
		top = new Node<T>(item, top) ;
	}
	public T pop(){
		T result = top.item ;
		if(!top.end()){
			top = top.next ;
		}
		return result ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		LinkedStack<String> lss = new LinkedStack<String>() ;
		for(String s : "Phasers on stun!".split(" ")){
			lss.push(s) ;
		}
		String s ;
		while((s = lss.pop()) != null){
			System.out.println(s) ;
		}
	}
}

package org.fmz.generics ;

import java.util.* ;

public class RandomList<T>{
	private ArrayList<T> storage = new ArrayList<T>() ;
	private Random rand = new Random(47) ;
	public void add(T item){
		storage.add(item) ;
	}
	public T select(){
		return storage.get(rand.nextInt(storage.size())) ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		RandomList<String> rls = new RandomList<String>() ;
		for(String s : "The quick brow fox jumped over the lazy brown dog".split(" ")){
			rls.add(s) ;
		}
		for(int i=0;i<11;i++){
			System.out.print(rls.select() + " ") ;
		}
	}
}/* Output:
	brown over fox quick quick dog brown The brow lazy brown
*/

package org.fmz.generics ;

interface Generator<T>{
	T next() ;
}

package org.fmz.generics ;

public class Coffee{
	private static long counter = 0 ;
	private final long id = counter ++ ;
	public String toString(){
		return getClass().getSimpleName() + " " + id ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.generics ;

public class Latte extends Coffee{
}

package org.fmz.generics ;

public class Mocha extends Coffee{
}

package org.fmz.generics ;

public class Americano extends Coffee{
}

package org.fmz.generics ;

public class Breve extends Coffee{
}

package org.fmz.generics ;

public class Cappuccino extends Coffee{
}

package org.fmz.generics ;

import java.util.* ;

public class CoffeeGenerator implements Generator<Coffee>, Iterable<Coffee>{
	private Class[] types = {Latte.class, Mocha.class, Cappuccino.class, Americano.class, Breve.class} ;
	private static Random rand = new Random(47) ;
	public CoffeeGenerator(){}
	//for iteration
	private int size = 0 ;
	public CoffeeGenerator(int size){
		this.size = size ;
	}
	public Coffee next(){
		try{
			return (Coffee)types[rand.nextInt(types.length)].newInstance() ;
		}catch(Exception e){
			throw new RuntimeException(e) ;
		}
	}

	class CoffeeIterator implements Iterator<Coffee>{
		int count = size ;
		public boolean hasNext(){
			return count > 0 ;
		}
		public Coffee next(){
			count -- ;
			return CoffeeGenerator.this.next() ;
		}
		public void remove(){
			throw new UnsupportedOperationException() ;
		}
	};

	public Iterator<Coffee> iterator(){
			return new CoffeeIterator() ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		CoffeeGenerator gen = new CoffeeGenerator() ;
		for(int i=0;i<5;i++){
			System.out.println(gen.next()) ;
		}
		for(Coffee c : new CoffeeGenerator(5)){
			System.out.println(c) ;
		}
	}
}/* Output:
	Americano 0
	Latte 1
	Americano 2
	Mocha 3
	Mocha 4
	Breve 5
	Americano 6
	Latte 7
	Cappuccino 8
	Cappuccino 9
*/

package org.fmz.generics ;

public class Fibonacci implements Generator<Integer>{
	private int count = 0 ;
	public Integer next(){
		return fib(count++) ;
	}
	private int fib(int n){
		if(n < 2){
			return 1 ;
		}
		return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1) ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		Fibonacci gen = new Fibonacci() ;
		for(int i=0;i<18;i++){
			System.out.print(gen.next() + " ") ;
		}
	}
}/* Output:
	1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 2584
*/

package org.fmz.generics ;

import java.util.* ;

public class IterableFibonacci extends Fibonacci implements Iterable<Integer>{
	private int n ;
	public IterableFibonacci(int n){
		this.n = n ;
	}
	public Iterator<Integer> iterator(){
		return new Iterator<Integer>(){
			public boolean hasNext(){
				return n > 0 ;
			}
			public Integer next(){
				n -- ;
				return IterableFibonacci.this.next() ;
			}
			public void remove(){
				throw new UnsupportedOperationException() ;
			}
		};
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		for(Integer i : new IterableFibonacci(18)){
			System.out.print(i + " ") ;
		}
	}
}/* Output:
	1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 2584
*/

package org.fmz.generics ;

public class GenericMethods{
	public <T> void f(T x){
		System.out.println(x.getClass().getName()) ;
	}
	public static void main(String args[]){
		GenericMethods gm = new GenericMethods() ;
		gm.f("") ;
		gm.f(1) ;
		gm.f(1.0) ;
		gm.f(1.0f) ;
		gm.f('c') ;
		gm.f(gm) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	java.lang.String
	java.lang.Integer
	java.lang.Double
	java.lang.Float
	java.lang.Character
	org.fmz.generics.GenericMethods
*/

package org.fmz.generics ;

import java.util.* ;

public class GenericVarargs{
	public static <T> List<T> makeList(T... args){
		List<T> result = new ArrayList<T>() ;
		for(T item : args){
			result.add(item) ;
		}
		return result ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		List<String> ls = makeList("A") ;
		System.out.println(ls) ;
		ls = makeList("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRST".split("")) ;
		System.out.println(ls) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	[A]
	[A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T]
*/

package org.fmz.generics ;

import java.util.* ;

public class Generators{
	public static <T> Collection<T> fill(Collection<T> coll, Generator<T> gen, int n){
		for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
			coll.add(gen.next()) ;
		}
		return coll ;
	}
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Collection<Coffee> coll = fill(new ArrayList<Coffee>(), new CoffeeGenerator(), 4) ;
		for(Coffee c : coll){
			System.out.println(c) ;
		}
		Collection<Integer> fnumbers = fill(new ArrayList<Integer>(), new Fibonacci(), 12) ;
		for(int i : fnumbers){
			System.out.print(i + " ") ;
		}
	}
}/* Output:
	Americano 0
	Latte 1
	Americano 2
	Mocha 3
	1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144
*/

package org.fmz.generics ;

public class BasicGenerator<T> implements Generator<T>{
	private Class<T> type ;
	public BasicGenerator(Class<T> type){
		this.type = type ;
	}
	public T next(){
		try{
			return type.newInstance() ;
		}catch(Exception e){
			throw new RuntimeException(e) ;
		}
	}

	public static <T> Generator<T> create(Class<T> type){
		return new BasicGenerator<T>(type) ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.generics ;

public class CountObject{
	private static long counter = 0 ;
	private final long id = counter ++ ;
	public long id(){
		return id ;
	}
	public String toString(){
		return "CountObject" + id ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.generics ;

public class BasicGeneratorDemo{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Generator<CountObject> gen = BasicGenerator.create(CountObject.class) ;
		for(int i=0;i<5;i++){
			System.out.println(gen.next()) ;
		}
	}
}/* Output:
	CountObject0
	CountObject1
	CountObject2
	CountObject3
	CountObject4
*/

package org.fmz.generics ;

public class Tuple{
	public static <A, B> TwoTuple<A, B> tuple(A a, B b){
		return new TwoTuple<A, B>(a, b) ;
	}
	public static <A, B, C> ThreeTuple<A, B, C> tuple(A a, B b, C c){
		return new ThreeTuple<A, B, C>(a, b, c) ;
	}
	public static <A, B, C, D> FourTuple<A, B, C, D> tuple(A a, B b, C c, D d){
		return new FourTuple<A, B, C, D>(a, b, c, d) ;
	}
	public static <A, B, C, D, E> FiveTuple<A, B, C, D, E> tuple(A a, B b, C c, D d, E e){
		return new FiveTuple<A, B, C, D, E>(a, b, c, d, e) ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.generics ;

public class TupleTest2{
	static TwoTuple<String, Integer> f(){
		return Tuple.tuple("hi", 47) ;
	}
	static ThreeTuple<Amphibian, String, Integer> g(){
		return Tuple.tuple(new Amphibian(), "hi", 47) ;
	}
	static FourTuple<Vehicle, Amphibian, String, Integer> h(){
		return Tuple.tuple(new Vehicle(), new Amphibian(), "hi", 47) ;
	}
	static FiveTuple<Vehicle, Amphibian, String, Integer, Double> k(){
		return Tuple.tuple(new Vehicle(), new Amphibian(), "hi", 47, 11.1) ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		TwoTuple<String, Integer> ttsi = f() ;
		System.out.println(ttsi) ;
		System.out.println(g()) ;
		System.out.println(h()) ;
		System.out.println(k()) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	(hi, 47)
	(org.fmz.generics.Amphibian@659e0bfd, hi, 47)
	(org.fmz.generics.Vehicle@2a139a55, org.fmz.generics.Amphibian@15db9742, hi, 47)
	(org.fmz.generics.Vehicle@6d06d69c, org.fmz.generics.Amphibian@7852e922, hi, 47, 11.1)
*/

package org.fmz.generics ;

import java.util.* ;

public class Sets{
	public static <T> Set<T> union(Set<T> a, Set<T> b){//并集
		Set<T> result = new HashSet<T>(a) ;
		result.addAll(b) ;
		return result ;
	}
	public static <T> Set<T> intersection(Set<T> a, Set<T> b){//交集
		Set<T> result = new HashSet<T>(a) ;
		result.retainAll(b) ;
		return result ;
	}
	public static <T> Set<T> difference(Set<T> superset, Set<T> subset){//补集
		Set<T> result = new HashSet<T>(superset) ;
		result.removeAll(subset) ;
		return result ;
	}
	public static <T> Set<T> complement(Set<T> a, Set<T> b){//两个集合求并之后作为整个集合，求其交集的补集
		return difference(union(a, b), intersection(a, b)) ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.generics ;

import java.util.* ;

class Customer{
	private static long counter = 0 ;
	private final long id = counter++ ;
	private Customer(){} ;
	public String toString(){
		return "Customer" + id ;
	}
	public static Generator<Customer> generator(){
		return new Generator<Customer>(){
			public Customer next(){
				return new Customer() ;
			}
		};
	}
}

class Teller{
	private static long counter = 0 ;
	private final long id = counter++ ;
	private Teller(){} ;
	public String toString(){
		return "Teller" + id ;
	}
	public static Generator<Teller> generator=
	new Generator<Teller>(){
		public Teller next(){
			return new Teller() ;
		}
	};
}

public class BankTeller{
	public static void serve(Teller t, Customer c){
		System.out.println(t + " serves " + c) ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		Random rand = new Random(47) ;
		Queue<Customer> line = new LinkedList<Customer>() ;
		Generators.fill(line, Customer.generator(), 15) ;
		List<Teller> tellers = new ArrayList<Teller>() ;
		Generators.fill(tellers, Teller.generator, 4) ;
		for(Customer c : line){
			serve(tellers.get(rand.nextInt(tellers.size())), c) ;
		}
	}
}/* Output:
	Teller2 serves Customer0
	Teller1 serves Customer1
	Teller2 serves Customer2
	Teller0 serves Customer3
	Teller0 serves Customer4
	Teller2 serves Customer5
	Teller0 serves Customer6
	Teller1 serves Customer7
	Teller2 serves Customer8
	Teller2 serves Customer9
	Teller1 serves Customer10
	Teller3 serves Customer11
	Teller1 serves Customer12
	Teller0 serves Customer13
	Teller0 serves Customer14
*/

package org.fmz.arrays ;

import java.util.* ;

public class IceCream{
	private static Random rand = new Random(47) ;
	static final String[] FLAVORS = {
		"A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F", "G", "H"
	} ;
	public static String[] flavorSet(int n){
		if(n > FLAVORS.length){
			throw new IllegalArgumentException() ;
		}
		String[] results = new String[n] ;
		boolean[] picked = new boolean[FLAVORS.length] ;
		for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
			int t ;
			do
			{
				t = rand.nextInt(FLAVORS.length) ;
			}
			while (picked[t]) ;
			results[i] = FLAVORS[t] ;
			picked[t] = true ;
		}
		return results ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		for(int i=0;i<7;i++){
			System.out.println(Arrays.toString(flavorSet(4))) ;
		}
	}
}/* Output:
	[F, D, E, A]
	[B, E, D, F]
	[C, H, A, E]
	[G, B, E, D]
	[D, B, G, A]
	[A, G, E, D]
	[H, B, D, F]
*/

package org.fmz.arrays ;

import java.util.* ;

public class IceCream2{
	static final String[] FLAVORS = {
		"A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F", "G", "H"
	} ;
	public static String[] flavorSet(int n){
		Random rand = new Random(47) ;
		if(n > FLAVORS.length){
			throw new IllegalArgumentException() ;
		}
		String[] results = new String[n] ;
		boolean[] picked = new boolean[FLAVORS.length] ;
		for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
			int t ;
			do
			{
				t = rand.nextInt(FLAVORS.length) ;
			}
			while (picked[t]) ;
			results[i] = FLAVORS[t] ;
			picked[t] = true ;
		}
		return results ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		for(int i=0;i<7;i++){
			System.out.println(Arrays.toString(flavorSet(4))) ;
		}
	}
}/* Output:
	[F, D, E, A]
	[F, D, E, A]
	[F, D, E, A]
	[F, D, E, A]
	[F, D, E, A]
	[F, D, E, A]
	[F, D, E, A]
*/

package org.fmz.arrays ;

import java.util.* ;

public class MultiDimensionalPrimitiveArray{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		int[][] a = {
			{1, 2, 3},
			{4, 5, 6}
		};
		System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(a)) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
*/

package org.fmz.arrays ;

import java.util.* ;

public class ThreeDWithNew{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		int[][][] a = new int[2][2][4] ;
		System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(a)) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	[[[0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0]], [[0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0]]]
*/

import java.util.* ;

public class RaggedArray{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Random rand = new Random(47) ;
		int[][][] a = new int[rand.nextInt(7)][][] ;
		for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++){
			a[i] = new int[rand.nextInt(5)][] ;
			for(int j=0;j<a[i].length;j++){
				a[i][j] = new int[rand.nextInt(5)] ;
			}
		}
		System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(a)) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	[[], [[0], [0], [0, 0, 0, 0]], [[], [0, 0], [0, 0]], [[0, 0, 0], [0], [0, 0, 0, 0]], [[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0], []], [[
	0], [], [0]]]
*/

package org.fmz.arrays ;

import java.util.* ;

public class CopyingArrays{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		int[] i = new int[7] ;
		int[] j = new int[10] ;
		Arrays.fill(i, 47) ;
		Arrays.fill(j, 99) ;
		System.out.println("i: " + Arrays.toString(i)) ;
		System.out.println("j: " + Arrays.toString(j)) ;
		System.arraycopy(i, 0, j, 0, i.length) ;
		System.out.println("j: " + Arrays.toString(j)) ;
		int k[] = new int[5] ;
		Arrays.fill(k, 103) ;
		System.out.println("k: " + Arrays.toString(k)) ;
		System.arraycopy(i, 0, k, 0, k.length) ;
		System.out.println("k: " + Arrays.toString(k)) ;
		Arrays.fill(k, 103) ;
		System.out.println("k: " + Arrays.toString(k)) ;
		System.arraycopy(k, 0, i, 0, k.length) ;
		System.out.println("i: " + Arrays.toString(i)) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	i: [47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47]
	j: [99, 99, 99, 99, 99, 99, 99, 99, 99, 99]
	j: [47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 99, 99, 99]
	k: [103, 103, 103, 103, 103]
	k: [47, 47, 47, 47, 47]
	k: [103, 103, 103, 103, 103]
	i: [103, 103, 103, 103, 103, 47, 47]
*/

package org.fmz.arrays ;

interface Generator<T>{
	T next() ;
}

//: net/mindview/util/CollectionData.java
// A Collection filled with data using a generator object.
package org.fmz.arrays ;
import java.util.*;

public class CollectionData<T> extends ArrayList<T> {
  public CollectionData(Generator<T> gen, int quantity) {
    for(int i = 0; i < quantity; i++)
      add(gen.next());
  }
  // A generic convenience method:
  public static <T> CollectionData<T>
  list(Generator<T> gen, int quantity) {
    return new CollectionData<T>(gen, quantity);
  }
} ///:~

package org.fmz.arrays ;

import java.util.*;

public class Generated {
  // Fill an existing array:
  public static <T> T[] array(T[] a, Generator<T> gen) {
    return new CollectionData<T>(gen, a.length).toArray(a);
  }
  // Create a new array:
  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  public static <T> T[] array(Class<T> type,
      Generator<T> gen, int size) {
    T[] a =
      (T[])java.lang.reflect.Array.newInstance(type, size);
    return new CollectionData<T>(gen, size).toArray(a);
  }
} ///:~

package org.fmz.arrays ;

import java.util.* ;

public class CompType implements Comparable<CompType>{
	int i ;
	int j ;
	private static int count = 1 ;
	public CompType(int i, int j){
		this.i = i ;
		this.j = j ;
	}
	public String toString(){
		String result = "[i= " + i + ", j= " + j + "]";
		if(count++ % 3 == 0){
			result += "\n" ;
		}
		return result ;
	}
	public int compareTo(CompType rv){
		return ( i < rv.i ? -1 : (i == rv.i ? 0 : 1)) ;
	}
	private static Random rand = new Random(47) ;
	public static Generator<CompType> generator(){
		return new Generator<CompType>(){
			public CompType next(){
				return new CompType(rand.nextInt(100), rand.nextInt(100)) ;
			}
		};
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		CompType[] a = Generated.array(new CompType[12], generator()) ;
		System.out.println("before sorting: ") ;
		System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a)) ;
		Arrays.sort(a) ;
		System.out.println("after sorting: ") ;
		System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a)) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	before sorting:
	[[i= 58, j= 55], [i= 93, j= 61], [i= 61, j= 29]
	, [i= 68, j= 0], [i= 22, j= 7], [i= 88, j= 28]
	, [i= 51, j= 89], [i= 9, j= 78], [i= 98, j= 61]
	, [i= 20, j= 58], [i= 16, j= 40], [i= 11, j= 22]
	]
	after sorting:
	[[i= 9, j= 78], [i= 11, j= 22], [i= 16, j= 40]
	, [i= 20, j= 58], [i= 22, j= 7], [i= 51, j= 89]
	, [i= 58, j= 55], [i= 61, j= 29], [i= 68, j= 0]
	, [i= 88, j= 28], [i= 93, j= 61], [i= 98, j= 61]
	]
*/

package org.fmz.arrays ;

import java.util.* ;

public class Reverse{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		CompType[] a = Generated.array(new CompType[12], CompType.generator()) ;
		System.out.println("before sorting: ") ;
		System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a)) ;
		Arrays.sort(a, Collections.reverseOrder()) ;
		System.out.println("after sorting: ") ;
		System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a)) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	before sorting:
	[[i= 58, j= 55], [i= 93, j= 61], [i= 61, j= 29]
	, [i= 68, j= 0], [i= 22, j= 7], [i= 88, j= 28]
	, [i= 51, j= 89], [i= 9, j= 78], [i= 98, j= 61]
	, [i= 20, j= 58], [i= 16, j= 40], [i= 11, j= 22]
	]
	after sorting:
	[[i= 98, j= 61], [i= 93, j= 61], [i= 88, j= 28]
	, [i= 68, j= 0], [i= 61, j= 29], [i= 58, j= 55]
	, [i= 51, j= 89], [i= 22, j= 7], [i= 20, j= 58]
	, [i= 16, j= 40], [i= 11, j= 22], [i= 9, j= 78]
	]
*/

package org.fmz.arrays ;

import java.util.* ;

class CompTypeComparator implements Comparator<CompType>{
	public int compare(CompType o1, CompType o2){
		return (o1.j < o2.j ? -1 : (o1.j == o2.j ? 0 : 1)) ;
	}
}

public class ComparatorTest{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		CompType[] a = Generated.array(new CompType[12], CompType.generator()) ;
		System.out.println("before sorting: ") ;
		System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a)) ;
		Arrays.sort(a, new CompTypeComparator()) ;
		System.out.println("after sorting: ") ;
		System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a)) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	[[i= 58, j= 55], [i= 93, j= 61], [i= 61, j= 29]
	, [i= 68, j= 0], [i= 22, j= 7], [i= 88, j= 28]
	, [i= 51, j= 89], [i= 9, j= 78], [i= 98, j= 61]
	, [i= 20, j= 58], [i= 16, j= 40], [i= 11, j= 22]
	]
	after sorting:
	[[i= 68, j= 0], [i= 22, j= 7], [i= 11, j= 22]
	, [i= 88, j= 28], [i= 61, j= 29], [i= 16, j= 40]
	, [i= 58, j= 55], [i= 20, j= 58], [i= 93, j= 61]
	, [i= 98, j= 61], [i= 9, j= 78], [i= 51, j= 89]
	]
*/

//: net/mindview/util/CountingGenerator.java
// Simple generator implementations.
package org.fmz.arrays ;

public class CountingGenerator {
  public static class
  Boolean implements Generator<java.lang.Boolean> {
    private boolean value = false;
    public java.lang.Boolean next() {
      value = !value; // Just flips back and forth
      return value;
    }
  }
  public static class
  Byte implements Generator<java.lang.Byte> {
    private byte value = 0;
    public java.lang.Byte next() { return value++; }
  }
  static char[] chars = ("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" +
    "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ").toCharArray();
  public static class
  Character implements Generator<java.lang.Character> {
    int index = -1;
    public java.lang.Character next() {
      index = (index + 1) % chars.length;
      return chars[index];
    }
  }
  public static class
  String implements Generator<java.lang.String> {
    private int length = 7;
    Generator<java.lang.Character> cg = new Character();
    public String() {}
    public String(int length) { this.length = length; }
    public java.lang.String next() {
      char[] buf = new char[length];
      for(int i = 0; i < length; i++)
	buf[i] = cg.next();
      return new java.lang.String(buf);
    }
  }
  public static class
  Short implements Generator<java.lang.Short> {
    private short value = 0;
    public java.lang.Short next() { return value++; }
  }
  public static class
  Integer implements Generator<java.lang.Integer> {
    private int value = 0;
    public java.lang.Integer next() { return value++; }
  }
  public static class
  Long implements Generator<java.lang.Long> {
    private long value = 0;
    public java.lang.Long next() { return value++; }
  }
  public static class
  Float implements Generator<java.lang.Float> {
    private float value = 0;
    public java.lang.Float next() {
      float result = value;
      value += 1.0;
      return result;
    }
  }
  public static class
  Double implements Generator<java.lang.Double> {
    private double value = 0.0;
    public java.lang.Double next() {
      double result = value;
      value += 1.0;
      return result;
    }
  }
} ///:~

//: net/mindview/util/RandomGenerator.java
// Generators that produce random values.
package org.fmz.arrays ;
import java.util.*;

public class RandomGenerator {
  private static Random r = new Random(47);
  public static class
  Boolean implements Generator<java.lang.Boolean> {
    public java.lang.Boolean next() {
      return r.nextBoolean();
    }
  }
  public static class
  Byte implements Generator<java.lang.Byte> {
    public java.lang.Byte next() {
      return (byte)r.nextInt();
    }
  }
  public static class
  Character implements Generator<java.lang.Character> {
    public java.lang.Character next() {
      return CountingGenerator.chars[
	r.nextInt(CountingGenerator.chars.length)];
    }
  }
  public static class
  String extends CountingGenerator.String {
    // Plug in the random Character generator:
    { cg = new Character(); } // Instance initializer
    public String() {}
    public String(int length) { super(length); }
  }
  public static class
  Short implements Generator<java.lang.Short> {
    public java.lang.Short next() {
      return (short)r.nextInt();
    }
  }
  public static class
  Integer implements Generator<java.lang.Integer> {
    private int mod = 10000;
    public Integer() {}
    public Integer(int modulo) { mod = modulo; }
    public java.lang.Integer next() {
      return r.nextInt(mod);
    }
  }
  public static class
  Long implements Generator<java.lang.Long> {
    private int mod = 10000;
    public Long() {}
    public Long(int modulo) { mod = modulo; }
    public java.lang.Long next() {
      return new java.lang.Long(r.nextInt(mod));
    }
  }
  public static class
  Float implements Generator<java.lang.Float> {
    public java.lang.Float next() {
      // Trim all but the first two decimal places:
      int trimmed = Math.round(r.nextFloat() * 100);
      return ((float)trimmed) / 100;
    }
  }
  public static class
  Double implements Generator<java.lang.Double> {
    public java.lang.Double next() {
      long trimmed = Math.round(r.nextDouble() * 100);
      return ((double)trimmed) / 100;
    }
  }
} ///:~

package org.fmz.arrays ;

import java.util.* ;

public class StringSorting{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		String[] sa = Generated.array(new String[20], new RandomGenerator.String(5)) ;
		System.out.println("before sorting: ") ;
		System.out.println(Arrays.toString(sa)) ;
		System.out.println("************************") ;
		Arrays.sort(sa) ;
		System.out.println("after sorting: ") ;
		System.out.println(Arrays.toString(sa)) ;
		System.out.println("************************") ;
		Arrays.sort(sa, Collections.reverseOrder()) ;
		System.out.println("reverse sorting: ") ;
		System.out.println(Arrays.toString(sa)) ;
		System.out.println("************************") ;
		Arrays.sort(sa, String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER) ;
		System.out.println("case insensitive sorting: ") ;
		System.out.println(Arrays.toString(sa)) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	before sorting:
	[YNzbr, nyGcF, OWZnT, cQrGs, eGZMm, JMRoE, suEcU, OneOE, dLsmw, HLGEa, hKcxr, EqUCB, bkIna, Mesbt, WHkjU, rUkZP, gwsqP,
	zDyCy, RFJQA, HxxHv]
	************************
	after sorting:
	[EqUCB, HLGEa, HxxHv, JMRoE, Mesbt, OWZnT, OneOE, RFJQA, WHkjU, YNzbr, bkIna, cQrGs, dLsmw, eGZMm, gwsqP, hKcxr, nyGcF,
	rUkZP, suEcU, zDyCy]
	************************
	reverse sorting:
	[zDyCy, suEcU, rUkZP, nyGcF, hKcxr, gwsqP, eGZMm, dLsmw, cQrGs, bkIna, YNzbr, WHkjU, RFJQA, OneOE, OWZnT, Mesbt, JMRoE,
	HxxHv, HLGEa, EqUCB]
	************************
	case insensitive sorting:
	[bkIna, cQrGs, dLsmw, eGZMm, EqUCB, gwsqP, hKcxr, HLGEa, HxxHv, JMRoE, Mesbt, nyGcF, OneOE, OWZnT, RFJQA, rUkZP, suEcU,
	WHkjU, YNzbr, zDyCy]
*/

//: net/mindview/util/ConvertTo.java
package org.fmz.arrays ;

public class ConvertTo {
  public static boolean[] primitive(Boolean[] in) {
    boolean[] result = new boolean[in.length];
    for(int i = 0; i < in.length; i++)
      result[i] = in[i]; // Autounboxing
    return result;
  }
  public static char[] primitive(Character[] in) {
    char[] result = new char[in.length];
    for(int i = 0; i < in.length; i++)
      result[i] = in[i];
    return result;
  }
  public static byte[] primitive(Byte[] in) {
    byte[] result = new byte[in.length];
    for(int i = 0; i < in.length; i++)
      result[i] = in[i];
    return result;
  }
  public static short[] primitive(Short[] in) {
    short[] result = new short[in.length];
    for(int i = 0; i < in.length; i++)
      result[i] = in[i];
    return result;
  }
  public static int[] primitive(Integer[] in) {
    int[] result = new int[in.length];
    for(int i = 0; i < in.length; i++)
      result[i] = in[i];
    return result;
  }
  public static long[] primitive(Long[] in) {
    long[] result = new long[in.length];
    for(int i = 0; i < in.length; i++)
      result[i] = in[i];
    return result;
  }
  public static float[] primitive(Float[] in) {
    float[] result = new float[in.length];
    for(int i = 0; i < in.length; i++)
      result[i] = in[i];
    return result;
  }
  public static double[] primitive(Double[] in) {
    double[] result = new double[in.length];
    for(int i = 0; i < in.length; i++)
      result[i] = in[i];
    return result;
  }
} ///:~

package org.fmz.arrays ;

import java.util.* ;

public class ArraySearching{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Generator<Integer> gen = new RandomGenerator.Integer(1000) ;
		int[] a = ConvertTo.primitive(Generated.array(new Integer[25], gen)) ;
		Arrays.sort(a) ;
		System.out.println("sorted array: " + Arrays.toString(a)) ;
		while(true){
			int r = gen.next() ;
			int location = Arrays.binarySearch(a, r) ;
			if(location >= 0){
				System.out.println("Location of" + r + "is" + location + ", a[" + location + "]= " + a[location]) ;
				break ;
			}
		}
	}
}/* Output:
	sorted array: [128, 140, 200, 207, 258, 258, 278, 288, 322, 429, 511, 520, 522, 551, 555, 589, 693, 704, 809, 861, 861,
	868, 916, 961, 998]
	Location of322is8, a[8]= 322
*/

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.util.regex.* ;
import java.io.* ;
import java.util.* ;

public class DirList{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		File path = new File(".") ;
		String[] list ;
		if(args.length == 0){
			list = path.list() ;
		}else{
			list = path.list(new DirFilter(args[0])) ;
		}
		Arrays.sort(list, String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER) ;
		for(String s : list){
			System.out.println(s) ;
		}
	}
}

class DirFilter implements FilenameFilter{
	private Pattern pattern ;
	public DirFilter(String regex){
		pattern = Pattern.compile(regex) ;
	}
	public boolean accept(File dir, String name){
		return pattern.matcher(name).matches() ;
	}
}/* Output:
	DirList.java
*/

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.util.regex.* ;
import java.io.* ;
import java.util.* ;

public class DirList2{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		File path = new File(".") ;
		String[] list ;
		if(args.length == 0){
			list = path.list() ;
		}else{
			list = path.list(filter(args[0])) ;
		}
		Arrays.sort(list, String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER) ;
		for(String s : list){
			System.out.println(s) ;
		}
	}
	public static FilenameFilter filter(final String regex){
		return new FilenameFilter(){
			private Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(regex) ;
			public boolean accept(File dir, String name){
				return pattern.matcher(name).matches() ;
			}
		};
	}
}/* Output:
	DirList.DirList.java
	DirList2.java
*/

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.util.regex.* ;
import java.io.* ;
import java.util.* ;

public class DirList3{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		File path = new File(".") ;
		String[] list ;
		if(args.length == 0){
			list = path.list() ;
		}else{
			list = path.list(
				new FilenameFilter(){
					private Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(args[0]) ;
					public boolean accept(File dir, String name){
						return pattern.matcher(name).matches() ;
					}
				}) ;
		}
		Arrays.sort(list, String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER) ;
		for(String s : list){
			System.out.println(s) ;
		}
	}
}/* Output:
	DirList.java
	DirList2.java
	DirList3.java
*/

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.util.regex.* ;
import java.io.* ;
import java.util.* ;

public final class Directory{
	public static File[] local(File dir, final String regex){
		return dir.listFiles(new FilenameFilter(){
			private Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(regex) ;
			public boolean accept(File dir, String name){
				return pattern.matcher(new File(name).getName()).matches() ;
				//return pattern.matcher(name).matches() ;
			}
		});
	}

	public static File[] local(String path, final String regex){
		return local(new File(path), regex) ;
	}

	public static class TreeInfo implements Iterable<File>{
		public List<File> files = new ArrayList<File>() ;
		public List<File> dirs = new ArrayList<File>() ;
		public Iterator<File> iterator(){
			return files.iterator() ;
		}
		void addAll(TreeInfo other){
			files.addAll(other.files) ;
			dirs.addAll(other.dirs) ;
		}

		public String toString(){
			return "dirs: " +PPrint.pformat(dirs) +
				"\n\nfiles: " + PPrint.pformat(files) ;
		}
	}

	public static TreeInfo walk(String start, String regex){
		return recurseDirs(new File(start), regex) ;
	}

	public static TreeInfo walk(File start, String regex){
		return recurseDirs(start, regex) ;
	}

	public static TreeInfo walk(File start){
		return recurseDirs(start, ".*") ;
	}

	public static TreeInfo walk(String start){
		return recurseDirs(new File(start), ".*") ;
	}

	static TreeInfo recurseDirs(File startDir, String regex){
		TreeInfo result = new TreeInfo() ;
		for(File item : startDir.listFiles()){
			if(item.isDirectory()){
				result.dirs.add(item) ;
				result.addAll(recurseDirs(item, regex)) ;
			}else{
				if(item.getName().matches(regex)){
					result.files.add(item) ;
				}
			}
		}
		return result ;
	}
	/*
	public static void main(String args[]){
		if(args.length == 0){
			System.out.println(walk(".")) ;
		}else{
			for(String arg : args){
				System.out.println(walk(arg)) ;
			}
		}
	}Output:
		无参数：输出当前目录及其子目录的所有文件夹及文件
		一个参数：输出指定参数路径下的文件夹及文件
		多个参数：循环输出指定参数路径下的文件夹及文件
*/
	public static void main(String args[]){
		if(args.length == 0){
			System.out.println(walk(".")) ;
		}else if(args.length == 1){
			System.out.println(walk(args[0])) ;
		}else{
			System.out.println(walk(args[0],args[1])) ;
		}
	}
}/* Output:
	无参数：输出当前目录及其子目录的所有文件夹及文件
	一个参数：输出指定参数路径下的文件夹及文件
	二个参数：输出与第一个参数匹配的路径下、文件和第二个参数正则表达式匹配的文件夹和文件
	{args: null}
		dirs: [
		 .\org
		 .\org\fmz
		 .\org\fmz\io
		 ]

		files: [
		 .\Directory.java
		 .\DirList.java
		 .\DirList2.java
		 .\DirList3.java
		 .\org\fmz\io\Directory$1.class
		 .\org\fmz\io\Directory$TreeInfo.class
		 .\org\fmz\io\Directory.class
		 .\org\fmz\io\DirFilter.class
		 .\org\fmz\io\DirList.class
		 .\org\fmz\io\DirList2$1.class
		 .\org\fmz\io\DirList2.class
		 .\org\fmz\io\DirList3$1.class
		 .\org\fmz\io\DirList3.class
		 .\org\fmz\io\PPrint.class
		 .\PPrint.java
		 ]

	 {args: ..\access}
		dirs: [
		 ..\access\org
		 ..\access\org\fmz
		 ..\access\org\fmz\access
		 ]

		files: [
		 ..\access\Apple.java
		 ..\access\org\fmz\access\PrivateAccess.class
		 ..\access\org\fmz\access\Sundae.class
		 ..\access\PrivateAccess.java
		 ..\access\SingletonPattern.java
		 ]

	{args: ..\access .*\.java}
		dirs: [
		 ..\access\org
		 ..\access\org\fmz
		 ..\access\org\fmz\access
		 ]

		files: [
		 ..\access\Apple.java
		 ..\access\PrivateAccess.java
		 ..\access\SingletonPattern.java
		 ]
*/

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.util.* ;

public class PPrint{
	public static String pformat(Collection<?> c){
		if(c.size() == 0 ){
			return "[]" ;
		}
		StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder("[") ;
		for(Object elem: c){
			if(c.size() != 1){
				result.append("\n ") ;
			}
			result.append(elem) ;
		}
		if(c.size() != 1){
			result.append("\n ") ;
		}
		result.append("]") ;
		return result.toString() ;
	}

	public static void pprint(Collection<?> c){
		System.out.println(pformat(c)) ;
	}
	public static void pprint(Object[] c){
		System.out.println(pformat(Arrays.asList(c))) ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.io.* ;
import java.util.* ;

public class DirectoryDemo{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		System.out.println("打印出当前目录树下的所有文件夹") ;
		PPrint.pprint(Directory.walk(".").dirs) ;//打印出当前目录树下的所有文件夹
		System.out.println("*************************************************") ;
		System.out.println("打印处当前目录树下的所有文件") ;
		PPrint.pprint(Directory.walk(".").files) ;//打印处当前目录树下的所有文件
		System.out.println("*************************************************") ;
		System.out.println("打印出当前目录树下匹配正则表达式(\".*\\.java\")的所有文件") ;
		PPrint.pprint(Directory.walk(".", ".*\\.java").files) ;//打印出当前目录树下匹配正则表达式的所有文件
		System.out.println("*************************************************") ;


		System.out.println("打印出本地目录下的所有文件夹及文件") ;
		PPrint.pprint(Directory.local(".")) ;//打印出本地目录下的所有文件夹及文件
		System.out.println("*************************************************") ;
		System.out.println("打印出指定目录下的所有文件夹及文件") ;
		PPrint.pprint(Directory.local("..")) ;//打印出指定目录下的所有文件夹及文件
		System.out.println("*************************************************") ;
		System.out.println("打印出本地目录下匹配正则表达式(\"o.*\")的所有文件夹及文件：首字母为o") ;
		PPrint.pprint(Directory.local(".", "o.*")) ;//打印出本地目录下匹配正则表达式的所有文件夹及文件：首字母为o
		System.out.println("*************************************************") ;
		System.out.println("打印出本地目录下匹配正则表达式(\"D.*\\.java\")的所有文件夹及文件：后缀为.java") ;
		PPrint.pprint(Directory.local(".", "D.*\\.java")) ;
		System.out.println("*************************************************") ;
	}
}/* Output:
	打印出当前目录树下的所有文件夹
	[
	 .\org
	 .\org\fmz
	 .\org\fmz\io
	 ]
	*************************************************
	打印处当前目录树下的所有文件
	[
	 .\Directory.java
	 .\Directory2.java
	 .\DirectoryDemo.java
	 .\DirectoryDemo2.java
	 .\DirList.java
	 .\DirList2.java
	 .\DirList3.java
	 .\org\fmz\io\Directory$1.class
	 .\org\fmz\io\Directory$TreeInfo.class
	 .\org\fmz\io\Directory.class
	 .\org\fmz\io\Directory2$1.class
	 .\org\fmz\io\Directory2$TreeInfo.class
	 .\org\fmz\io\Directory2.class
	 .\org\fmz\io\DirectoryDemo.class
	 .\org\fmz\io\DirectoryDemo2.class
	 .\org\fmz\io\DirFilter.class
	 .\org\fmz\io\DirList.class
	 .\org\fmz\io\DirList2$1.class
	 .\org\fmz\io\DirList2.class
	 .\org\fmz\io\DirList3$1.class
	 .\org\fmz\io\DirList3.class
	 .\org\fmz\io\PPrint.class
	 .\PPrint.java
	 ]
	*************************************************
	打印出当前目录树下匹配正则表达式(".*\.java")的所有文件
	[
	 .\Directory.java
	 .\Directory2.java
	 .\DirectoryDemo.java
	 .\DirectoryDemo2.java
	 .\DirList.java
	 .\DirList2.java
	 .\DirList3.java
	 .\PPrint.java
	 ]
	*************************************************
	打印出本地目录下的所有文件夹及文件
	[
	 .\Directory.java
	 .\Directory2.java
	 .\DirectoryDemo.java
	 .\DirectoryDemo2.java
	 .\DirList.java
	 .\DirList2.java
	 .\DirList3.java
	 .\org
	 .\PPrint.java
	 ]
	*************************************************
	打印出指定目录下的所有文件夹及文件
	[
	 ..\access
	 ..\arrays
	 ..\exception
	 ..\generics
	 ..\holding
	 ..\init and clear
	 ..\innerclasses
	 ..\interface
	 ..\io
	 ..\polymorphism
	 ..\reusing
	 ..\source_code
	 ..\strings
	 ..\typeinfo
	 ]
	*************************************************
	打印出本地目录下匹配正则表达式("o.*")的所有文件夹及文件：首字母为o
	[.\org]
	*************************************************
	打印出本地目录下匹配正则表达式("D.*\.java")的所有文件夹及文件：后缀为.java
	[
	 .\Directory.java
	 .\Directory2.java
	 .\DirectoryDemo.java
	 .\DirectoryDemo2.java
	 .\DirList.java
	 .\DirList2.java
	 .\DirList3.java
	 ]
	*************************************************
*/

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.util.regex.* ;
import java.io.* ;
import java.util.* ;

public final class Directory2{
	public static File[] local(File dir, final String regex){
		return dir.listFiles(new FilenameFilter(){
			private Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(regex) ;
			public boolean accept(File dir, String name){
				return pattern.matcher(new File(name).getName()).matches() ;
				//return pattern.matcher(name).matches() ;
			}
		});
	}
	public static File[] local(String path, final String regex){//overloading
		return local(new File(path), regex) ;
	}
	public static File[] local(String path){//overloading
		return local(new File(path), ".*") ;
	}
	public static File[] local(File dir){//overloading
		return local(dir, ".*") ;
	}

	public static class TreeInfo implements Iterable<File>{
		public List<File> files = new ArrayList<File>() ;
		public List<File> dirs = new ArrayList<File>() ;
		public Iterator<File> iterator(){
			return files.iterator() ;
		}
		void addAll(TreeInfo other){
			files.addAll(other.files) ;
			dirs.addAll(other.dirs) ;
		}

		public String toString(){
			return "dirs: " +PPrint.pformat(dirs) +
				"\n\nfiles: " + PPrint.pformat(files) ;
		}
	}

	public static TreeInfo walk(String start, String regex){//overloading
		return recurseDirs(new File(start), regex) ;
	}
	public static TreeInfo walk(File start, String regex){//overloading
		return recurseDirs(start, regex) ;
	}
	public static TreeInfo walk(File start){//overloading
		return recurseDirs(start, ".*") ;
	}
	public static TreeInfo walk(String start){//overloading
		return recurseDirs(new File(start), ".*") ;
	}

	static TreeInfo recurseDirs(File startDir, String regex){
		TreeInfo result = new TreeInfo() ;
		for(File item : startDir.listFiles()){
			if(item.isDirectory()){
				if(item.getName().matches(regex)){
					result.dirs.add(item) ;
				}
				result.addAll(recurseDirs(item, regex)) ;
			}else{
				if(item.getName().matches(regex)){
					result.files.add(item) ;
				}
			}
		}
		return result ;
	}
}

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.io.* ;
import java.util.* ;

public class DirectoryDemo2{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		System.out.println("打印出当前目录树下的所有文件夹") ;
		PPrint.pprint(Directory2.walk(".").dirs) ;//打印出当前目录树下的所有文件夹
		System.out.println("*************************************************") ;
		System.out.println("打印处当前目录树下的所有文件") ;
		PPrint.pprint(Directory2.walk(".").files) ;//打印处当前目录树下的所有文件
		System.out.println("*************************************************") ;
		System.out.println("打印出当前目录树下匹配正则表达式(\".*io\")的所有文件夹") ;
		PPrint.pprint(Directory2.walk(".", ".*io").dirs) ;//打印出当前目录树下匹配正则表达式的所有文件夹
		System.out.println("*************************************************") ;
		System.out.println("打印出当前目录树下匹配正则表达式(\".*\\.java\")的所有文件") ;
		PPrint.pprint(Directory2.walk(".", ".*\\.java").files) ;//打印出当前目录树下匹配正则表达式的所有文件
		System.out.println("*************************************************") ;


		System.out.println("打印出本地目录下的所有文件夹及文件") ;
		PPrint.pprint(Directory2.local(".")) ;//打印出本地目录下的所有文件夹及文件
		System.out.println("*************************************************") ;
		System.out.println("打印出指定目录下的所有文件夹及文件") ;
		PPrint.pprint(Directory2.local("..")) ;//打印出指定目录下的所有文件夹及文件
		System.out.println("*************************************************") ;
		System.out.println("打印出本地目录下匹配正则表达式(\"o.*\")的所有文件夹及文件：首字母为o") ;
		PPrint.pprint(Directory2.local(".", "o.*")) ;//打印出本地目录下匹配正则表达式的所有文件夹及文件：首字母为o
		System.out.println("*************************************************") ;
		System.out.println("打印出本地目录下匹配正则表达式(\"D.*\\.java\")的所有文件夹及文件：后缀为.java") ;
		PPrint.pprint(Directory2.local(".", "D.*\\.java")) ;
		System.out.println("*************************************************") ;
	}
}/* Output:
	打印出当前目录树下的所有文件夹
	[
	 .\org
	 .\org\fmz
	 .\org\fmz\io
	 ]
	*************************************************
	打印处当前目录树下的所有文件
	[
	 .\Directory.java
	 .\Directory2.java
	 .\DirectoryDemo.java
	 .\DirectoryDemo2.java
	 .\DirList.java
	 .\DirList2.java
	 .\DirList3.java
	 .\org\fmz\io\Directory$1.class
	 .\org\fmz\io\Directory$TreeInfo.class
	 .\org\fmz\io\Directory.class
	 .\org\fmz\io\Directory2$1.class
	 .\org\fmz\io\Directory2$TreeInfo.class
	 .\org\fmz\io\Directory2.class
	 .\org\fmz\io\DirectoryDemo.class
	 .\org\fmz\io\DirectoryDemo2.class
	 .\org\fmz\io\DirFilter.class
	 .\org\fmz\io\DirList.class
	 .\org\fmz\io\DirList2$1.class
	 .\org\fmz\io\DirList2.class
	 .\org\fmz\io\DirList3$1.class
	 .\org\fmz\io\DirList3.class
	 .\org\fmz\io\PPrint.class
	 .\PPrint.java
	 ]
	*************************************************
	打印出当前目录树下匹配正则表达式(".*io")的所有文件夹
	[.\org\fmz\io]
	*************************************************
	打印出当前目录树下匹配正则表达式(".*\.java")的所有文件
	[
	 .\Directory.java
	 .\Directory2.java
	 .\DirectoryDemo.java
	 .\DirectoryDemo2.java
	 .\DirList.java
	 .\DirList2.java
	 .\DirList3.java
	 .\PPrint.java
	 ]
	*************************************************
	打印出本地目录下的所有文件夹及文件
	[
	 .\Directory.java
	 .\Directory2.java
	 .\DirectoryDemo.java
	 .\DirectoryDemo2.java
	 .\DirList.java
	 .\DirList2.java
	 .\DirList3.java
	 .\org
	 .\PPrint.java
	 ]
	*************************************************
	打印出指定目录下的所有文件夹及文件
	[
	 ..\access
	 ..\arrays
	 ..\exception
	 ..\generics
	 ..\holding
	 ..\init and clear
	 ..\innerclasses
	 ..\interface
	 ..\io
	 ..\polymorphism
	 ..\reusing
	 ..\source_code
	 ..\strings
	 ..\typeinfo
	 ]
	*************************************************
	打印出本地目录下匹配正则表达式("o.*")的所有文件夹及文件：首字母为o
	[.\org]
	*************************************************
	打印出本地目录下匹配正则表达式("D.*\.java")的所有文件夹及文件：后缀为.java
	[
	 .\Directory.java
	 .\Directory2.java
	 .\DirectoryDemo.java
	 .\DirectoryDemo2.java
	 .\DirList.java
	 .\DirList2.java
	 .\DirList3.java
	 ]
	*************************************************
*/

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.io.* ;

public class ProcessFiles{
	public interface Strategy{
		void process(File file) ;
	}
	private Strategy strategy ;
	private String ext ;
	public ProcessFiles(Strategy strategy, String ext){
		this.strategy = strategy ;
		this.ext = ext ;
	}
	public void start(String[] args){
		try{
			if(args.length == 0){
				processDirectoryTree(new File(".")) ;
			}else{
				for(String arg : args){
					File fileArg = new File(arg) ;
					if(fileArg.isDirectory()){
						processDirectoryTree(fileArg) ;
					}else{
						if(!arg.endsWith("." + ext)){
							arg += "." + ext ;
						}
						strategy.process(new File(arg).getCanonicalFile()) ;
					}
				}
			}
		}catch(IOException e){
				throw new RuntimeException(e) ;
		}
	}

	public void  processDirectoryTree(File root) throws IOException{
		for(File file : Directory.walk(root.getAbsolutePath(), ".*\\."+ext)){
			strategy.process(file.getCanonicalFile()) ;
		}
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		new ProcessFiles(new ProcessFiles.Strategy(){
			public void process(File file){
				System.out.println(file) ;
			}
		}, "java").start(args) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	D:\Thinking_in_Java_Demo\io>java org.fmz.io.ProcessFiles
	D:\Thinking_in_Java_Demo\io\Directory.java
	D:\Thinking_in_Java_Demo\io\Directory2.java
	D:\Thinking_in_Java_Demo\io\DirectoryDemo.java
	D:\Thinking_in_Java_Demo\io\DirectoryDemo2.java
	D:\Thinking_in_Java_Demo\io\DirList.java
	D:\Thinking_in_Java_Demo\io\DirList2.java
	D:\Thinking_in_Java_Demo\io\DirList3.java
	D:\Thinking_in_Java_Demo\io\PPrint.java
	D:\Thinking_in_Java_Demo\io\ProcessFiles.java
*/

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.io.* ;

public class MakeDirectories{
	private static void usage(){
		System.err.println(
			"Usage:MakeDirectories path1 ...\n" +
			"Creates eath path\n" +
			"Usage:MakeDirectories -d path1 ...\n" +
			"Deletes each path\n" +
			"Usage:MakeDirectories -r path1 path2\n" +
			"Rename from path1 to path2") ;
		System.exit(1) ;
	}

	public static void fileData(File f){
		System.out.println(
			"Absolute path: " + f.getAbsolutePath() +
			"\nCan read: " + f.canRead() +
			"\nCan write: " + f.canWrite() +
			"\ngetName: " + f.getName() +
			"\ngetParent: " + f.getParent() +
			"\ngetPath: " + f.getPath() +
			"\nlength: " + f.length() +
			"\nlastModified: " + f.lastModified()) ;
		if(f.isFile()){
			System.out.println("It is a file") ;
		}else if(f.isDirectory()){
			System.out.println("It is a directory") ;
		}
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		if(args.length < 1){
			usage() ;
		}
		if(args[0].equals("-r")){
			if(args.length != 3){
				usage() ;
			}
			File old = new File(args[1]) ;
			File rname = new File(args[2]) ;
			old.renameTo(rname) ;
			fileData(old) ;
			fileData(rname) ;
			return ;
		}
		int count = 0 ;
		boolean del = false ;
		if(args[0].equals("-d")){
			count++ ;
			del = true ;
		}
		count-- ;
		while(++count < args.length){
			File f = new File(args[count]) ;
			if(f.exists()){
				System.out.println(f + " exists") ;
				if(del){
					System.out.println("deleting..." + f) ;
					f.delete() ;
				}
			}else{
				if(!del){
					f.mkdirs() ;
					System.out.println("Created " + f) ;
				}
			}
			fileData(f) ;
		}
	}
}

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.io.* ;

public class BufferedInputFile{
	public static String read(String filename)throws IOException{
		BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(filename)) ;
		//BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(filename))) ;
		String s ;
		StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder() ;
		while((s = in.readLine()) != null){
			result.append(s + "\n") ;
		}
		in.close() ;
		return result.toString() ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[])throws IOException{
		System.out.println(read("D:\\Thinking_in_Java_Demo\\interface\\AdaptRandomDoubles.java")) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	package org.fmz.interfaces ;

	import java.nio.* ;
	import java.util.* ;

	public class AdaptRandomDoubles extends RandomDoubles implements Readable{
			private int count ;
			public AdaptRandomDoubles(int count){
					this.count = count ;
			}
			public int read(CharBuffer cb){
					if(count-- == 0){
							return -1 ;
					}
					String result = Double.toString(next()) + " " ;
					cb.append(result) ;
					return result.length() ;
			}

			public static void main(String args[]){
					Scanner s = new Scanner(new AdaptRandomDoubles(20)) ;
					while(s.hasNextDouble()){
							System.out.print(s.nextDouble() + " ") ;
					}
			}
	}
*/

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.io.* ;

public class MemoryInput{
	public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
		StringReader in = new StringReader(BufferedInputFile.read("MemoryInput.java")) ;
		int c ;
		while((c = in.read()) != -1){
			System.out.print((char)c) ;
		}
	}
}/* Output:
	package org.fmz.io ;

	import java.io.* ;

	public class MemoryInput{
			public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
					StringReader in = new StringReader(BufferedInputFile.read("MemoryInput.java")) ;
					int c ;
					while((c = in.read()) != -1){
							System.out.print((char)c) ;
					}
			}
	}
*/

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.io.* ;

public class FormattedMemoryInput{
	public static void main(String args[])throws IOException{
		try{
			DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(
				new ByteArrayInputStream(
					BufferedInputFile.read("FormattedMemoryInput.java").getBytes())) ;
			while(true){
				System.out.print((char)in.readByte()) ;
			}
		}catch(EOFException e){
			System.err.println("End of stream") ;
		}
	}
}/* Output:
	package org.fmz.io ;

	import java.io.* ;

	public class FormattedMemoryInput{
			public static void main(String args[])throws IOException{
					try{
							DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(
									new ByteArrayInputStream(
											BufferedInputFile.read("FormattedMemoryInput.java").getBytes())) ;
							while(true){
									System.out.print((char)in.readByte()) ;
							}
					}catch(EOFException e){
							System.err.println("End of stream") ;
					}
			}
	}
	End of stream
*/

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.io.* ;

public class TestEOF{
	public static void main(String args[])throws IOException{
		DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(
			new BufferedInputStream(
				new FileInputStream("TestEOF.java"))) ;
		while(in.available() != 0){
			System.out.print((char)in.readByte()) ;
		}
	}
}/* Output:
	package org.fmz.io ;

	import java.io.* ;

	public class TestEOF{
			public static void main(String args[])throws IOException{
					DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(
							new BufferedInputStream(
									new FileInputStream("TestEOF.java"))) ;
					while(in.available() != 0){
							System.out.print((char)in.readByte()) ;
					}
			}
	}
*/

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.io.* ;

public class BasicFileOutput{
	static String file = "BasicFileOutput.out" ;
	public static void main(String args[])throws IOException{
		BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(
			new StringReader(
				BufferedInputFile.read("BasicFileOutput.java"))) ;
		/*BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(
			new FileReader("BasicFileOutput.java")) ;*/
		PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(
			new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(file))) ;
		int linecount = 1 ;
		String s ;
		while((s = in.readLine()) != null){
			out.println(linecount++ + ":" + s) ;
		}
		out.close() ;
		System.out.println(BufferedInputFile.read(file)) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	1:package org.fmz.io ;
	2:
	3:import java.io.* ;
	4:
	5:public class BasicFileOutput{
	6:      static String file = "BasicFileOutput.out" ;
	7:      public static void main(String args[])throws IOException{
	8:              BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(
	9:                      new StringReader(
	10:                             BufferedInputFile.read("BasicFileOutput.java"))) ;
	11:             PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(
	12:                     new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(file))) ;
	13:             int linecount = 1 ;
	14:             String s ;
	15:             while((s = in.readLine()) != null){
	16:                     out.println(linecount++ + ":" + s) ;
	17:             }
	18:             out.close() ;
	19:             System.out.println(BufferedInputFile.read(file)) ;
	20:     }
	21:}
*/

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.io.* ;

public class FileOutputShortcut{
	static String file = "BasicFileOutput.out" ;
	public static void main(String args[])throws IOException{
		BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(
			new StringReader(
				BufferedInputFile.read("FileOutputShortcut.java"))) ;
		PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(file) ;
		int linecount = 1 ;
		String s ;
		while((s = in.readLine()) != null){
			out.println(linecount++ + ":" + s) ;
		}
		out.close() ;
		System.out.println(BufferedInputFile.read(file)) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	1:package org.fmz.io ;
	2:
	3:import java.io.* ;
	4:
	5:public class FileOutputShortcut{
	6:      static String file = "BasicFileOutput.out" ;
	7:      public static void main(String args[])throws IOException{
	8:              BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(
	9:                      new StringReader(
	10:                             BufferedInputFile.read("FileOutputShortcut.java"))) ;
	11:             PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(file) ;
	12:             int linecount = 1 ;
	13:             String s ;
	14:             while((s = in.readLine()) != null){
	15:                     out.println(linecount++ + ":" + s) ;
	16:             }
	17:             out.close() ;
	18:             System.out.println(BufferedInputFile.read(file)) ;
	19:     }
	20:}
*/

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.io.* ;

public class StoringAndRecoveringData{
	public static void main(String args[])throws IOException{
		DataOutputStream out = new DataOutputStream(
			new BufferedOutputStream(
				new FileOutputStream("Data.txt"))) ;
		out.writeDouble(3.14159) ;
		out.writeUTF("That is pi") ;
		out.writeDouble(1.1413) ;
		out.writeUTF("Square root of 2") ;
		out.close() ;
		DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(
			new BufferedInputStream(
				new FileInputStream("Data.txt"))) ;
		System.out.println(in.readDouble()) ;
		System.out.println(in.readUTF()) ;
		System.out.println(in.readDouble()) ;
		System.out.println(in.readUTF()) ;
	}
}/* Output:
	3.14159
	That is pi
	1.1413
	Square root of 2
*/

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.io.* ;

public class UsingRandomAccessFile{
	static String file = "rtest.dat" ;
	static void display()throws IOException{
		RandomAccessFile rf = new RandomAccessFile(file, "r") ;
		for(int i=0;i<7;i++){
			System.out.println(
				"Value " + i + ": " + rf.readDouble()) ;
		}
		System.out.println(rf.readUTF()) ;
		rf.close() ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[])throws IOException{
		RandomAccessFile rf = new RandomAccessFile(file, "rw") ;
		for(int i=0;i<7;i++){
			rf.writeDouble(i*1.414) ;
		}
		rf.writeUTF("The end of this file") ;
		rf.close() ;
		display() ;
		rf = new RandomAccessFile(file, "rw") ;
		rf.seek(5*8) ;
		rf.writeDouble(47.0001) ;
		rf.close() ;
		display() ;
	}
}/* Output:
	Value 0: 0.0
	Value 1: 1.414
	Value 2: 2.828
	Value 3: 4.242
	Value 4: 5.656
	Value 5: 7.069999999999999
	Value 6: 8.484
	The end of this file
	Value 0: 0.0
	Value 1: 1.414
	Value 2: 2.828
	Value 3: 4.242
	Value 4: 5.656
	Value 5: 47.0001
	Value 6: 8.484
	The end of this file
*/

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.io.* ;
import java.util.* ;

public class TextFile extends ArrayList<String>{
	//Read a file as a single String
	public static String read(String fileName){
		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder() ;
		try{
			BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(
				new FileReader(
					new File(fileName).getAbsoluteFile())) ;
			try{
				String s ;
				while((s = in.readLine()) != null){
					sb.append(s) ;
					sb.append("\n") ;
				}
			}finally{
				in.close() ;
			}
		}catch(IOException e){
			throw new RuntimeException() ;
		}
		return sb.toString() ;
	}

	//Write a file in one method call
	public static void write(String fileName, String text){
		try{
			PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(
				new File(fileName).getAbsoluteFile()) ;
			try{
				out.print(text) ;
			}finally{
				out.close() ;
			}
		}catch(IOException e){
			throw new RuntimeException(e) ;
		}
	}

	//Read a file, split by any regular expression
	public TextFile(String fileName, String splitter){
		super(Arrays.asList(read(fileName).split(splitter))) ;
		if(get(0).equals("")){
			remove(0) ;
		}
	}

	public TextFile(String fileName){
		this(fileName, "\n") ;
	}

	public void write(String fileName){
		try{
			PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(
				new File(fileName).getAbsoluteFile()) ;
			try{
				for(String item : this){
					out.println(item) ;
				}
			}finally{
				out.close() ;
			}
		}catch(IOException e){
			throw new RuntimeException(e) ;
		}
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		String file = read("TextFile.java") ;
		write("test.txt", file) ;
		TextFile text = new TextFile("test.txt") ;
		text.write("text2.txt") ;
		TreeSet<String> words = new TreeSet<String>(new TextFile("TextFile.java", "\\W+")) ;
		System.out.println(words.headSet("a")) ;//返回的元素严格小于"a"(只返回大写)
	}
}/* Output:
	[0, ArrayList, Arrays, BufferedReader, File, FileReader, IOException, PrintWriter, Read, RuntimeException, String, Strin
	gBuilder, System, TextFile, TreeSet, W, Write]
*/

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.io.* ;

public class BinaryFile{
	public static byte[] read(File bFile)throws IOException{
		BufferedInputStream bf = new BufferedInputStream(
			new FileInputStream(bFile)) ;
		try{
			byte[] data = new byte[bf.available()] ;
			bf.read(data) ;
			return data ;
		}finally{
			bf.close() ;
		}
	}

	public static byte[] read(String bFile)throws IOException{
		return read(new File(bFile).getAbsoluteFile()) ;
	}

	public static void main(String args[])throws IOException{
		byte[] B = read("BinaryFile.java") ;
		for(byte b : B){
			System.out.print((char)b) ;
		}
	}
}/* Output:
	package org.fmz.io ;

	import java.io.* ;

	public class BinaryFile{
			public static byte[] read(File bFile)throws IOException{
					BufferedInputStream bf = new BufferedInputStream(
							new FileInputStream(bFile)) ;
					try{
							byte[] data = new byte[bf.available()] ;
							bf.read(data) ;
							return data ;
					}finally{
							bf.close() ;
					}
			}

			public static byte[] read(String bFile)throws IOException{
					return read(new File(bFile).getAbsoluteFile()) ;
			}

			public static void main(String args[])throws IOException{
					byte[] B = read("BinaryFile.java") ;
					for(byte b : B){
							System.out.print((char)b) ;
					}
			}
	}
*/

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.io.* ;

public class Echo{
	public static void main(String args[])throws IOException{
		BufferedReader stdin = new BufferedReader(
			new InputStreamReader(System.in)) ;
		String s ;
		while((s = stdin.readLine()) != null && s.length() != 0){
			System.out.println(s) ;
		}
	}
}

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.io.* ;

public class ChangeSystemOut{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(
			System.out, true) ;
		out.println("Hello World!!!") ;
	}
}/* Output:
	Hello World!!!
*/

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.io.* ;

public class ChangeSystemOut2{
	public static void main(String args[])throws IOException{
		BufferedWriter out = new BufferedWriter(
			new OutputStreamWriter(System.out)) ;
		out.write("Hello World!!!") ;
		out.close() ;
	}
}/* Output:
	Hello World!!!
*/

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.io.* ;

public class ChangeSystemOut3{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(
			new BufferedWriter(
				new OutputStreamWriter(System.out))) ;
		out.println("Hello World!!!") ;
		out.close() ;
	}
}/* Output:
	Hello World!!!
*/

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.io.* ;

public class Redirecting{
	public static void main(String args[])throws IOException{
		PrintStream console = System.out ;
		BufferedInputStream in = new BufferedInputStream(
			new FileInputStream("Redirecting.java")) ;
		PrintStream out = new PrintStream(
			new BufferedOutputStream(
				new FileOutputStream("test.out"))) ;
		System.setIn(in) ;
		System.setOut(out) ;
		System.setErr(out) ;
		BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(
			new InputStreamReader(System.in)) ;
		String s ;
		while((s = br.readLine()) != null){
			System.out.println(s) ;
		}
		out.close() ;
		System.setOut(console) ;
	}
}

import java.io.* ;

public class OSExecute{
	public static void command(String command){
		boolean err = false ;
		try{
			Process process = new ProcessBuilder(command.split(" ")).start() ;
			BufferedReader result = new BufferedReader(
				new InputStreamReader(process.getInputStream())) ;
			String s ;
			while((s = result.readLine()) != null){
				System.out.println(s) ;
			}

			BufferedReader errors = new BufferedReader(
				new InputStreamReader(process.getErrorStream())) ;
			while((s = errors.readLine()) != null){
				System.err.println(s) ;
				err = true ;
			}
		}catch(Exception e){
			if(!command.startsWith("CMD /C")){
				command("CMD /C" + command) ;
			}else{
				throw new RuntimeException(e) ;
			}
		}
		if(err){
			throw new OSExecuteException("Errors executing " + command) ;
		}
	}

	public static void main(String args[]){
		command("javap java.util.ArrayList") ;
	}
}/* Output:
	Compiled from "ArrayList.java"
	public class java.util.ArrayList<E> extends java.util.AbstractList<E> implements java.util.List<E>, java.util.RandomAccess, java.lang.Cloneable, java.io.Serializable {
	  transient java.lang.Object[] elementData;
	  public java.util.ArrayList(int);
	  public java.util.ArrayList();
	  public java.util.ArrayList(java.util.Collection<? extends E>);
	  public void trimToSize();
	  public void ensureCapacity(int);
	  public int size();
	  public boolean isEmpty();
	  public boolean contains(java.lang.Object);
	  public int indexOf(java.lang.Object);
	  public int lastIndexOf(java.lang.Object);
	  public java.lang.Object clone();
	  public java.lang.Object[] toArray();
	  public <T> T[] toArray(T[]);
	  E elementData(int);
	  public E get(int);
	  public E set(int, E);
	  public boolean add(E);
	  public void add(int, E);
	  public E remove(int);
	  public boolean remove(java.lang.Object);
	  public void clear();
	  public boolean addAll(java.util.Collection<? extends E>);
	  public boolean addAll(int, java.util.Collection<? extends E>);
	  protected void removeRange(int, int);
	  public boolean removeAll(java.util.Collection<?>);
	  public boolean retainAll(java.util.Collection<?>);
	  public java.util.ListIterator<E> listIterator(int);
	  public java.util.ListIterator<E> listIterator();
	  public java.util.Iterator<E> iterator();
	  public java.util.List<E> subList(int, int);
	  static void subListRangeCheck(int, int, int);
	  public void forEach(java.util.function.Consumer<? super E>);
	  public java.util.Spliterator<E> spliterator();
	  public boolean removeIf(java.util.function.Predicate<? super E>);
	  public void replaceAll(java.util.function.UnaryOperator<E>);
	  public void sort(java.util.Comparator<? super E>);
	  static int access$100(java.util.ArrayList);
	  static {};
	}
*/

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.io.* ;
import java.nio.* ;
import java.nio.channels.* ;

public class GetChannel{
	private static final int BSIZE = 1024 ;
	public static void main(String args[])throws IOException{
		//Write a file
		FileChannel fc = new FileOutputStream("data.txt").getChannel() ;
		fc.write(ByteBuffer.wrap("Some text ".getBytes())) ;
		fc.close() ;
		//Add to the end of the file
		fc = new RandomAccessFile("data.txt", "rw").getChannel() ;
		fc.position(fc.size()) ;//Move to the end
		fc.write(ByteBuffer.wrap("Some more".getBytes())) ;
		fc.close() ;
		//Read the file
		fc = new FileInputStream("data.txt").getChannel() ;
		ByteBuffer buff = ByteBuffer.allocate(BSIZE) ;
		fc.read(buff) ;
		buff.flip() ;
		while(buff.hasRemaining()){
			System.out.print((char)buff.get()) ;
		}
	}
}/* Output:
	Some text Some more
*/

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.io.* ;
import java.nio.* ;
import java.nio.channels.* ;

public class ChannelCopy{
	private static final int BSIZE = 1024 ;
	public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
		if(args.length != 2){
			System.out.println("arguements: sourcefile destfile") ;
			System.exit(1) ;
		}
		FileChannel
			in = new FileInputStream(args[0]).getChannel(),
			out = new FileOutputStream(args[1]).getChannel() ;
		ByteBuffer buff = ByteBuffer.allocate(BSIZE) ;
		while(in.read(buff) != -1){
			buff.flip() ;//Prepare for writing
			out.write(buff) ;
			buff.clear() ;//Prepare for reading
		}
	}
}

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.io.* ;
import java.nio.* ;
import java.nio.channels.* ;

public class ChannelCopy2{
	public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
		if(args.length != 2){
			System.out.println("arguements: sourcefile destfile") ;
			System.exit(1) ;
		}
		FileChannel
			in = new FileInputStream(args[0]).getChannel(),
			out = new FileOutputStream(args[1]).getChannel() ;
		in.transferTo(0, in.size(), out) ;
		//or:
		//out.transferTo(in, 0, out.size())
	}
}

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.io.* ;
import java.util.zip.* ;

public class GZIPCompress{
	public static void main(String args[])throws IOException{
		if(args.length == 0){
			System.out.println(
				"Usage: \nGZIPCompress file\n" + 
					"\tUses GZIP compression to compress the file to test.gz")  ;
			System.exit(0) ;
		}
		BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(
			new FileReader(args[0])) ;
		BufferedOutputStream out = new BufferedOutputStream(
			new GZIPOutputStream(
				new FileOutputStream("test.gz"))) ;
		System.out.println("Writing file") ;
		int c ;
		while((c = in.read()) != -1){
			out.write(c) ;
		}
		in.close() ;
		out.close() ;
		System.out.println("Reading file") ;
		BufferedReader in2 = new BufferedReader(
			new InputStreamReader(
				new GZIPInputStream(
					new FileInputStream("test.gz")))) ;
		String s ;
		while((s = in2.readLine()) != null){
			System.out.println(s) ;
		}
	}
}/* OutputStream
	Writing file
	Reading file
	package org.fmz.io ;

	import java.io.* ;
	import java.util.zip.* ;

	public class GZIPCompress{
			public static void main(String args[])throws IOException{
					if(args.length == 0){
							System.out.println(
									"Usage: \nGZIPCompress file\n" +
											"\tUses GZIP compression to compress the file to test.gz")  ;
							System.exit(0) ;
					}
					BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(
							new FileReader(args[0])) ;
					BufferedOutputStream out = new BufferedOutputStream(
							new GZIPOutputStream(
									new FileOutputStream("test.gz"))) ;
					System.out.println("Writing file") ;
					int c ;
					while((c = in.read()) != -1){
							out.write(c) ;
					}
					in.close() ;
					out.close() ;
					System.out.println("Reading file") ;
					BufferedReader in2 = new BufferedReader(
							new InputStreamReader(
									new GZIPInputStream(
											new FileInputStream("test.gz")))) ;
					String s ;
					while((s = in2.readLine()) != null){
							System.out.println(s) ;
					}
			}
	}
*/

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.io.* ;
import java.util.zip.* ;

public class GZIPCompress2{
	public static void main(String args[])throws IOException{
		if(args.length == 0){
			System.out.println(
				"Usage: \nGZIPCompress file\n" + 
					"\tUses GZIP compression to compress the file to test.gz")  ;
			System.exit(0) ;
		}
		BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(
			new FileReader(args[0])) ;
		PrintStream out = new PrintStream(
			new GZIPOutputStream(
				new FileOutputStream("test.gz"))) ;
		System.out.println("Writing file") ;
		int c ;
		while((c = in.read()) != -1){
			out.write(c) ;
		}
		in.close() ;
		out.close() ;
		System.out.println("Reading file") ;
		BufferedReader in2 = new BufferedReader(
			new InputStreamReader(
				new GZIPInputStream(
					new FileInputStream("test.gz")))) ;
		String s ;
		while((s = in2.readLine()) != null){
			System.out.println(s) ;
		}
	}
}

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.io.* ;
import java.util.zip.* ;

public class GZIPCompress3{
	public static void main(String args[])throws IOException{
		if(args.length == 0){
			System.out.println(
				"Usage: \nGZIPCompress file\n" + 
					"\tUses GZIP compression to compress the file to test.gz")  ;
			System.exit(0) ;
		}
		BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(
			new FileReader(args[0])) ;
		PrintStream out = new PrintStream(
			new BufferedOutputStream(
				new GZIPOutputStream(
					new FileOutputStream("test.gz")))) ;
		System.out.println("Writing file") ;
		int c ;
		while((c = in.read()) != -1){
			out.write(c) ;
		}
		in.close() ;
		out.close() ;
		System.out.println("Reading file") ;
		BufferedReader in2 = new BufferedReader(
			new InputStreamReader(
				new GZIPInputStream(
					new FileInputStream("test.gz")))) ;
		String s ;
		while((s = in2.readLine()) != null){
			System.out.println(s) ;
		}
	}
}

package org.fmz.io ;

import java.io.* ;
import java.util.* ;
import java.util.zip.* ;

public class ZipCompress{
	public static void main(String args[])throws IOException{
		FileOutputStream f = new FileOutputStream("test.zip") ;
		CheckedOutputStream csum = new CheckedOutputStream(f, new Adler32()) ;
		ZipOutputStream zos = new ZipOutputStream(csum) ;
		BufferedOutputStream out = new BufferedOutputStream(zos) ;
		zos.setComment("A test of Java Zipping") ;
		for(String arg : args){
			System.out.println("Writing file " + arg) ;
			BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(
				new FileReader(arg)) ;
			zos.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry(arg)) ;
			int c ;
			while((c = in.read()) != -1){
				out.write(c) ;
			}
			in.close() ;
			out.flush() ;
		}
		out.close() ;
		System.out.println("Checksum: " + csum.getChecksum().getValue()) ;
		System.out.println("Reading file") ;
		FileInputStream fi = new FileInputStream("test.zip") ;
		CheckedInputStream csumi = new CheckedInputStream(fi, new Adler32()) ;
		ZipInputStream in2 = new ZipInputStream(csumi) ;
		BufferedInputStream bis = new BufferedInputStream(in2) ;
		ZipEntry ze ;
		while((ze = in2.getNextEntry()) != null){
			System.out.println("Reading file " + ze) ;
		}
		int x ;
		while((x = bis.read()) != -1){
			System.out.write(x) ;
		}
		if(args.length ==1){
			System.out.println("Checkedsum: " + csumi.getChecksum().getValue()) ;
			bis.close() ;
			ZipFile zf = new ZipFile("test.zip") ;
			Enumeration e = zf.entries() ;
			while(e.hasMoreElements()){
				ZipEntry ze2 = (ZipEntry)e.nextElement() ;
				System.out.println("File: " + ze2) ;
			}
		}
	}
}/* Output:
	args: ZipCompress.java GZIPCompress3.java GZIPCompress2.java GZIPCompress.java
		Writing file ZipCompress.java
		Writing file GZIPCompress3.java
		Writing file GZIPCompress2.java
		Writing file GZIPCompress.java
		Checksum: 181762027
		Reading file
		Reading file ZipCompress.java
		Reading file GZIPCompress3.java
		Reading file GZIPCompress2.java
		Reading file GZIPCompress.java
*/

/*
 * 标识符id可以用来区分任务的多个实例，它是final的，因为一旦被初始化之后就不希望被修改
 * Thread.yield()是线程调度器，可以将CPU从一个线程转移到另外一个线程
 */
package org.fmz.concurrency ;

public class LiftOff implements Runnable{
	protected int countDown = 10 ;
	private static int taskCount = 0 ;
	private int id = taskCount++ ;// if private not necessary declared final
	public LiftOff(){}
	public LiftOff(int countDown){
		this.countDown = countDown ;
	}
	public String status(){
		return "#" + id + "(" +
			(countDown > 0 ? countDown : "LiftOff!") + "). " ;
	}
	public void run(){
		while(countDown-- > 0){
			System.out.print(status()) ;
			Thread.yield() ;
		}
	}
}

package org.fmz.concurrency ;

public class MainThread{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		LiftOff launch = new LiftOff() ;
		launch.run() ;
	}
}/* Output:
	#0(9). #0(8). #0(7). #0(6). #0(5). #0(4). #0(3). #0(2). #0(1). #0(LiftOff!).
*/

package org.fmz.concurrency ;

public class BasicThreads{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		Thread t = new Thread(new LiftOff(50)) ;
		t.start() ;
		System.out.println("Waiting for LiftOff...") ;
	}
}/* Output:
	Waiting for LiftOff...
	#0(49). #0(48). #0(47). #0(46). #0(45). #0(44). #0(43). #0(42). #0(41). #0(40). #0(39). #0(38). #0(37). #0(36). #0(35).
	#0(34). #0(33). #0(32). #0(31). #0(30). #0(29). #0(28). #0(27). #0(26). #0(25). #0(24). #0(23). #0(22). #0(21). #0(20).
	#0(19). #0(18). #0(17). #0(16). #0(15). #0(14). #0(13). #0(12). #0(11). #0(10). #0(9). #0(8). #0(7). #0(6). #0(5). #0(4)
	. #0(3). #0(2). #0(1). #0(LiftOff!).
*/

package org.fmz.concurrency ;

public class MoreBasicThreads{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		for(int i=0;i<5;i++){
			new Thread(new LiftOff()).start() ;
		}
		System.out.println("Waiting for LiftOff...") ;
	}
}/* Output:
	#1(9). #3(9). #3(8). #4(9). #4(8). #4(7). #4(6). #4(5). #4(4). #4(3). #4(2). #4(1). #4(LiftOff!). #0(9). Waiting for Lif
	tOff...
	#2(9). #0(8). #3(7). #1(8). #3(6). #0(7). #0(6). #0(5). #2(8). #0(4). #3(5). #1(7). #1(6). #1(5). #1(4). #1(3). #1(2). #
	1(1). #1(LiftOff!). #3(4). #0(3). #2(7). #2(6). #2(5). #2(4). #2(3). #0(2). #0(1). #0(LiftOff!). #3(3). #3(2). #3(1). #3
	(LiftOff!). #2(2). #2(1). #2(LiftOff!).
	Or
	#2(9). #4(9). #4(8). #4(7). #4(6). #4(5). #4(4). #4(3). #4(2). #4(1). #3(9). Waiting for LiftOff...
	#0(9). #1(9). #0(8). #3(8). #4(LiftOff!). #2(8). #3(7). #0(7). #1(8). #1(7). #0(6). #3(6). #3(5). #2(7). #3(4). #0(5). #
	1(6). #0(4). #3(3). #2(6). #2(5). #2(4). #2(3). #2(2). #2(1). #2(LiftOff!). #3(2). #0(3). #1(5). #0(2). #3(1). #0(1). #1
	(4). #0(LiftOff!). #3(LiftOff!). #1(3). #1(2). #1(1). #1(LiftOff!).
	Or
	Waiting for LiftOff...
	#3(9). #4(9). #4(8). #1(9). #2(9). #0(9). #0(8). #0(7). #0(6). #0(5). #2(8). #1(8). #4(7). #3(8). #4(6). #1(7). #2(7). #
	0(4). #0(3). #0(2). #0(1). #2(6). #1(6). #4(5). #3(7). #4(4). #1(5). #2(5). #0(LiftOff!). #2(4). #1(4). #4(3). #3(6). #4
	(2). #1(3). #2(3). #2(2). #2(1). #2(LiftOff!). #1(2). #1(1). #1(LiftOff!). #4(1). #4(LiftOff!). #3(5). #3(4). #3(3). #3(
	2). #3(1). #3(LiftOff!).
	每次执行都会有不同的情况，加上main()方法总共有六个线程，随机的在这六个线程之间进行切换
*/

package org.fmz.concurrency;

import java.util.concurrent.*;

public class CachedThreadPool{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
		for(int i=0;i<5;i++){
			exec.execute(new LiftOff());
		}
		exec.shutdown();
	}
}/* Output:
	#4(9). #2(9). #1(9). #1(8). #1(7). #1(6). #0(9). #3(9). #0(8). #1(5). #1(4). #1(3). #1(2). #2(8). #4(8). #2(7). #1(1). #
	0(7). #3(8). #3(7). #3(6). #3(5). #0(6). #1(LiftOff!). #2(6). #4(7). #2(5). #0(5). #3(4). #0(4). #0(3). #2(4). #4(6). #2
	(3). #0(2). #3(3). #0(1). #2(2). #4(5). #2(1). #0(LiftOff!). #3(2). #2(LiftOff!). #4(4). #3(1). #3(LiftOff!). #4(3). #4(
	2). #4(1). #4(LiftOff!).
*/

package org.fmz.concurrency ;

import java.util.concurrent.* ;

public class SingleThreadExecutor{
	public static void main(String args[]){
		ExecutorService exec = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor() ;
		for(int i=0;i<5;i++){
			exec.execute(new LiftOff()) ;
		}
		exec.shutdown() ;
	}
}/* Output:
	#0(9). #0(8). #0(7). #0(6). #0(5). #0(4). #0(3). #0(2). #0(1). #0(LiftOff!). #1(9). #1(8). #1(7). #1(6). #1(5). #1(4). #
	1(3). #1(2). #1(1). #1(LiftOff!). #2(9). #2(8). #2(7). #2(6). #2(5). #2(4). #2(3). #2(2). #2(1). #2(LiftOff!). #3(9). #3
	(8). #3(7). #3(6). #3(5). #3(4). #3(3). #3(2). #3(1). #3(LiftOff!). #4(9). #4(8). #4(7). #4(6). #4(5). #4(4). #4(3). #4(
	2). #4(1). #4(LiftOff!).
*/